Stationed at 103 deg E. Maintenance of telephone and telegraph radio communications and transmission of television broadcasts. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 67 , 111 , 274 .

Test flight of DOD sensors; Low Altitude Satellite Experiment. Spacecraft engaged in research and exploration of the upper atmosphere or outer space (US Cat B). References: 2 , 5 , 6 .

Global Positioning System. Spacecraft engaged in research and exploration of the upper atmosphere or outer space (US Cat B). References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule. References: 1 , 2 , 6 .

Photo/digital surveillance. References: 1 , 2 , 6 .

Began Sofora girder construction. Sofora mounting platform installed. References: 66 .

Microwave, IR imaging of oceans, ice and land; SAR. ERS-1 is an Earth exploration satellite, using active and passive sensors for oceanography etc. Frequency plan: 2048.85/2225 MHz (TTC), 7225.2960/8489 MHz (PRARE), 8040, 8140 MHz (data transmission). Launch time 0146:31 UT. Designator ESA/91/02. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Test of LEO network for global communications. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Test of LEO network for global communications. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Test of LEO network for global communications. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Test of LEO network for global communications. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Test of LEO network for global communications. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Test of LEO network for global communications. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Test of LEO network for global communications. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Store and forward communication. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Customer: SateLife. Carried store and forward communications and Earth observation payloads, replacing those lost on UoSAT-4. Still operational in 2000. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Radioastronomy. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Store and forward communication. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Began assembly of Sofora girder. References: 66 .

Continued assembly of Sofora girder. References: 66 .

Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of the various branches of the national economy of the USSR, and solution of problems relating to the environment and to international cooperation. References: 1 , 2 , 6 .

Completed assembly of Sofora girder. References: 66 .

Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Manned five crew. Deployed TDRS 5 satellite. Payloads: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS)-E/lnertial Upper Stage (lUS), Space Station Heatpipe Advanced Radiator Element (SHARE)-ll, Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) instrument 03, Optical Communications Through the Shuttle Window (OCTW), Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS) Calibration Test, Auroral Photography Experiment (APE)-B, Bioserve-lnstrumentation Technology Associates Materials Dispersion Apparatus (BlMDA)-02, Investigations Into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP)-03, Protein Crystal Growth Ill Block Il, Space Acceleration Measure-ment System (SAMS), Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE)-02, Tank Pressure Control Experiment (TPCE). Additional Details: STS-43. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 .

NASA communications; 174 deg W; deployed from STS-43 8/2/91. Spacecraft engaged in research and exploration of the upper atmosphere or outer space (US Cat B). References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

International communications; 14.5 deg W. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Also carried US TOMS instrument. Gathering of hydrometeorological data; testing of data-gathering and measuring equipment, of optical and mechanical television and radiometric scanning apparatus, of instruments for geophysical research and of methods for the remote sensing of the atmosph ere and the Earth's surface for various branches of the USSR economy and science; charting the state of the ozone layer, using American TOMS equipment. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 115 .

Soyuz TM-13 and TM-14 crews were reshuffled extensively due to commercial considerations and necessity of flying a Kazakh cosmonaut. This was the original crew assignment. Kaleri and Avdeyev were replaced by Kazakh researchers in the final crew. References: 94 .

Red Tigress 1

Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir; carried reentry capsule for return of 150 kg of experiment results. Docked with Mir on 23 Aug 1991 00:54:17 GMT. Undocked on 30 Sep 1991 01:53:00 GMT. 350 kg return capsule detached from the Propess' orbital module at an altitude of 110 to 130 km. The capsule underwent a ballistic descent to 15 km, followed by a parachute descent from there to surface. The capsule's beacon began transmitting at 4.5 km. Landed in Kazakhstan on 30 Sep 1991 08:16:24 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.35 days. Total docked time 38.04 days. References: 1 , 2 , 6 , 275 .

Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of the various branches of the national economy of the USSR, and solution of problems relating to the environment and to international cooperation. References: 1 , 2 , 6 .

Military navigation satellite. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

TV; 110 deg E. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Remote sensing; launched commercially by USSR. Operational remote sensing satellite for natural resources management. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

X-ray imaging of Sun. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Tungsten dust release for SDIO.

Manned five crew. Deployed UARS; conducted materials and biological research. Payloads: Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), Ascent Particle Monitor (APM)-03, Physiological and Anatomical Rodent Experiment (PARE)-01, Protein Crystal Growth (PCG)-ll-2, Middeck Zero-Gravity Dynamics, Experiment (MODE)-01, Investigations Into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP)-04, Cosmic Radiation Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM-02), Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME)-lll-06, Shuttle Activation Monitor (SAM)-03, Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS) Calibration Test. Additional Details: STS-48. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 .

Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite; deployed from STS 48 9/15/91. Spacecraft engaged in research and exploration of the upper atmosphere or outer space (US Cat B). References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Tungsten dust release for SDIO.

Geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. Declared purpose: 'Relaying of telegraph and telephone information'. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 67 , 107 , 274 .

Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and within the framework of international cooperation. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission. References: 1 , 2 , 6 , 179 .

Stationed at 111.1 deg W. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Eight satellites launched by a single carrier rocket. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 105 .