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| Soyuz LV Credit: NASA. 42,874 bytes. 443 x 447 pixels. |
| astronautix.com | Soyuz 11A511U |
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| Soyuz LV Credit: NASA. 42,874 bytes. 443 x 447 pixels. |
Soyuz-U was a standardised, modernised version of the R-7 launch vehicle with higher performance first and second stage engines. Improvements were made to the launch complexes, including unified test-launch ground support equipment. The booster was first used for the Apollo-Soyuz launches. Military applications included Zenit and Yantar military reconnaisance satellites. Soyuz 11A511U used chilled higher density fuel in the core stage to improve payload. This became the most-widely used version, launching a range of military and manned spacecraft for over thirty years.
Launches: 675. Failures: 17. Success Rate: 97.48% pct. First Launch Date: 18 May 1973. Last Launch Date: 16 October 2000. LEO Payload: 6,220 kg. to: 450 km Orbit. at: 51.8 degrees. Liftoff Thrust: 411,000 kgf. Total Mass: 310,000 kg. Core Diameter: 3.0 m. Total Length: 50.7 m. Launch Price $: 40.00 million. in 1999 price dollars.
Ministry of General Machine Building (MOM) Decree 145ss 'On approval of the 7K-TK as transport for the Almaz station' was issued. It was decided that the 11F71 Soyuz-R space station would be cancelled and the Almaz would be developed in its place. Almaz was assigned the index number previously allocated to the Soyuz-R station, and Kozlov was ordered to hand over to Chelomei all of the work completed in relation to the station. However Kozlov's Soyuz 7K-TK ferry was to continue in development to transport crew to the Almaz.
First flight of Soyuz U launch vehicle. High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Second flight of Soyuz U launch vehicle. High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Investigation of the influence of space flight on living organisms and testing of life-support systems for biological entities. Capsule recovered 53 deg 29 min N, 65 deg 27 min E.
Unmanned Soyuz test flight. Recovered April 13, 1974 5:05 GMT. Soyuz ASTP Test.
Maneuver Summary:
190km X 309km orbit to 190km X 266km orbit. Delta V: 12 m/s
190km X 266km orbit to 240km X 300km orbit. Delta V: 23 m/s
240km X 300km orbit to 258km X 274km orbit. Delta V: 12 m/s
Total Delta V: 47 m/s.
Officially: Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.
First test launch of Yantar second generation reconnaissance spacecraft.
Unmanned Soyuz 7K-S test flight. Recovered August 8, 1974 23:59 GMT.
ASTP precursor. Recovered August 18, 1974 5:02 GMT. Soyuz ASTP test.
Maneuver Summary:
195km X 305km orbit to 195km X 221km orbit. Delta V: 24 m/s
195km X 221km orbit to 223km X 223km orbit. Delta V: 8 m/s
231km X 231km orbit to 231km X 231km orbit. Delta V: 1 m/s
223km X 223km orbit to 231km X 231km orbit. Delta V: 4 m/s
231km X 231km orbit to 227km X 237km orbit. Delta V: 2 m/s
Total Delta V: 39 m/s.
Officially: Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.
Biological research. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.
ASTP Manned Test Flight. Check-out of the Soyuz space craft's on-board systems which had been modernized to meet the requirements of the 1975 joint flight in accordance with the programme of the Soviet-United States experiment; conduct of scientific and technical investigations. Landed 30 km NE Arkalyk. Recovered December 8, 1974 8:04 GMT. Additional Details: Soyuz 16.
Yantar second generation reconnaissance spacecraft. After failure of the first Yantar-2K launch, a review board recommended modifications to the Soyuz U launch vehicle. This second Yantar still used the Sokol control system from the Zenit and lacked the SpK small film recovery capsules. As planned, after 12 days, the main descent capsule was successfully recovered with its film.
Military topography satellite; returned film capsule.
Soyuz 19 initial orbital parameters were 220.8 by 185.07 kilometres, at the desired inclination of 51.80�, while the period of the first orbit was 88.6 minutes. On 17 July the two spacecraft docked. The crew members rotated between the two spacecraft and conducted various mainly ceremonial activities. Leonov was on the American side for 5 hours, 43 minutes, while Kubasov spent 4:57 in the command and docking modules.
After being docked for nearly 44 hours, Apollo and Soyuz parted for the first time and were station-keeping at a range of 50 meters. The Apollo crew placed its craft between Soyuz and the sun so that the diameter of the service module formed a disk which blocked out the sun. After this experiment Apollo moved towards Soyuz for the second docking.
Three hours later Apollo and Soyuz undocked for the second and final time. The spacecraft moved to a 40 m station-keeping distance so that an ultraviolet absorption experiment could be performed. With all the joint flight activities completed, the ships went on their separate ways. Soyuz 19 landed safely July 21, 1975 10:51 GMT, 87 km north-east of Arkalyk, 9. 6 km from its aim point. Additional Details: Soyuz 19 (ASTP).
Third Yantar-2K second generation reconnaissance flight, the first with the new Kondor attitude control system. This system experienced problems and failed on the second day of flight. The spacecraft's destruct package was activated by ground command and the spacecraft was destroyed on 6 September 1975 in its second day of flight.
Military topography satellite; returned film capsule; separated science capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
 | R-7 launch complex 1 - Model of R-7 launch complex 1 Credit: © Mark Wade. 27,438 bytes. 231 x 434 pixels. |
Unmanned long duration test of the Soyuz transport vehicle; docked with Salyut 4. Recovered February 16, 1976 2:24 GMT. Comprehensive checking of improved on-board systems of the space craft under various flight conditions. Carried a biological payload. Living organisms were exposed to three months in space.
Biological research. Continued investigation of the effects of space flight on living organisms. Capsule recovered 52 deg 17 min N, 64 deg 11 min E. The Cosmos 782 mission marked the first time that the United States participated in the Soviet Cosmos Program. Scientists from France, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. participated in these investigations. Additional Details: Cosmos 782.
Fourth Yantar-2K second generation reconnaissance flight and the first with two SpK small film recovery capsules. First flight of the completely equipped satellite. The main reentry capsule and its film cargo were returned successfully. Both SpK capsules successfully separated from the Yantar in the course of the flight, but neither was recovered. The parachutes of the first did not deploy and the capsule crashed into the ground. The solid motor of the second capsule did not fire as programmed and the capsule did not deorbit at the expected time.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.
Manned two crew. Docked with Salyut 5. Conduct of joint experiments with the Salyut-5 orbital research station. Mission was to last for two months; cut short by a gradually worstening illness of Zholobov. Landed 200 km SW Kokchetav. Recovered August 25, 1976 18:33 GMT.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.
Fifth Yantar second generation reconnaissance test flight. One of the solar panels would not unfold. Ground control activiated the destruct package and the spacecraft was destroyed on 25 July.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; separated science capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Surplus Soyuz ASTP spacecraft modified with a multi-spectral camera manufactured by Carl Zeiss-Jena in place of the universal docking apparatus. Eight days were spent photographing the earth. Tested and perfected scientific-technical methods and devices for studying the geological characteristics of the earth's surface from outer space for economic purposes. Recovered September 23, 1976 7:42 GMT. Landed 150 km NW Tselinograd. Additional Details: Soyuz 22.
Military topography satellite; returned film capsule; also performed mapping, geodesy, earth resources; deployed capsule.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; separated science capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks.
Soyuz 23 was to have docked with the Salyut 5 space station but its long-distance rendezvous system failed. It landed at night (October 16, 1976 17:46 GMT), in a snowstorm, in -20 deg C weather, on the surface of Lake Tengiz. The recovery crews did not find the capsule until the next morning, and were surprised to find the crew alive.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; separated science capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Unmanned military Soyuz 7K-S test flight. Recovered December 17, 1976 10:31 GMT. Transmitted only on 20.008 MHz and 166 MHz frequencies, at none of the other usual Soyuz wavelengths.
Maneuver Summary:
196 km X 290 km orbit to 187 km X 335 km orbit. Delta V: 15 m/s
187 km X 335 km orbit to 259 km X 335 km orbit. Delta V: 21 m/s
259 km X 335 km orbit to 260 km X 345 km orbit. Delta V: 2 m/s
260 km X 345 km orbit to 265 km X 368 km orbit. Delta V: 7 m/s
265 km X 368 km orbit to 267 km X 391 km orbit. Delta V: 6 m/s
267 km X 391 km orbit to 300 km X 310 km orbit. Delta V: 32 m/s
Total Delta V: 83 m/s
 | RD-0110 Engine - Soyuz 11A511 Stage 2 engine displayed at Tsiolkovskiy Museum in Kaluga. Credit: © Mark Wade. 33,533 bytes. 294 x 467 pixels. |
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.
Docked with Salyut 5. A busy, successful mission, accomplishing nearly as much as the earlier Soyuz 21's 50 day mission. Recovered February 25, 1977 9:38 GMT. Landed 37 km NE Arkalyk.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
High resolution photo reconnaissance mission.
High resolution photo reconnaissance mission.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; separated science capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.
Sixth Yantar second generation reconnaissance test flight and first completely successful flight. Both small SpK film capsules successfully recovered during course of flight, as was the main OSA cabin with its camera, computer, and main film cannisters. First full duration Yantar flight.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; separated science capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Military topography satellite; returned film capsule; also performed mapping, geodesy, earth resources; deployed capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.
Biological research. Scientists from the U.S.S.R., the U.S., Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and the German Democratic Republic conducted experiments in physics and biology on the mission. The biosatellite was recovered at 51 deg 53 min N, 61 deg 30 min E, near Kustanay in Central Asia after remaining in orbit for 18.5 days. Additional Details: Cosmos 936.
High resolution photo reconnaissance mission.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Yantar-2K second generation reconnaissance state acceptance test flight. Completely successful and led to acceptance of Yantar-2K into Red Army service in 1978. Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
 | Soyuz LV Credit: © Mark Wade. 1,483 bytes. 71 x 353 pixels. |
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule
Manned two crew. Unsuccessful mission. Failed to dock with Salyut 6. Recovered October 11, 1977 3:25 GMT.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Manned two crew. Docked with Salyut 6. Carried Yuri Romanenko, Georgi Grechko to Salyut 6; returned crew of Soyuz 27 to Earth. Conduct of joint experiments with the Salyut-6 scientific station. Recovered January 16, 1978 11:25 GMT.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; separated science capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; separated science capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Manned two crew. Carried Oleg Makarov, Vladimir Dzhanibekov to Salyut 6; returned crew of Soyuz 26 to Earth. Docked with Salyut 6. Recovered March 16, 1978 11:19 GMT.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.
Unmanned supply vessel to Salyut 6. Delivery of fuel, consumable materials and equipment to the Salyut 6 station. Docked with Salyut 6 on 22 Jan 1978 10:12:14 GMT. Undocked on 6 Feb 1978 05:54:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 8 Feb 1978 02:00:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 3.91 days. Total docked time 14.82 days.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Military topography satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable; also performed mapping, geodesy, earth resources tasks.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Manned two crew. Docked with Salyut 6. Delivery to the Salyut-6 station of the first international 'Intercosmos' team consisting of A.A. Gubarev (USSR) and V. Remek (Czechoslovak Socialist Republic) to carry out scientific research and experiments jointly developed by Soviet a nd Czechoslovak specialists. Recovered March 10, 1978 13:45 GMT.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Manned precursor. Recovered April 15, 1978 12:02 GMT. Unsuccessful mission. Soyuz T test -failure.
Maneuver Summary:
202 km X 231 km orbit to 195 km X 291 km orbit. Delta V: 19 m/s
195 km X 291 km orbit to 306 km X 322 km orbit. Delta V: 40 m/s
306 km X 322 km orbit to 308 km X 318 km orbit. Delta V: 1 m/s
Total Delta V: 60 m/s.
Officially: Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; separated science capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.
 | R-7 aft end Credit: © Mark Wade. 47,694 bytes. 421 x 583 pixels. |
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Manned two crew. Docked with Salyut 6. Placed on board the Salyut-6 station a crew consisting of V.V. Kovalenko and A.S. Ivanchenkov to conduct scientific and technological investigations and experiments. Recovered September 3, 1978 11:40 GMT.
Manned two crew. Docked with Salyut 6. Placed on board the Salyut-6 station, under the Intercosmos programme, a second, international, crew consisting of P.I. Klimuk (USSR) and M. Hermaszewski (Poland) to conduct scientific investigations and experiments. Recovered July 4, 1978 13:30 GMT
Investigation of primary cosmic radiation and meteoritic particles in near-earth outer space.
Unmanned supply vessel to Salyut 6. Delivery of fuel, consumable materials and equipment to the Salyut 6 station. Docked with Salyut 6 on 9 Jul 1978 12:58:59 GMT. Undocked on 2 Aug 1978 04:57:44 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 4 Aug 1978 01:31:07 GMT. Total free-flight time 3.92 days. Total docked time 23.67 days.
Successful full duration flight. Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Unmanned supply vessel to Salyut 6. Delivery of fuel, consumable materials and equipment to the Salyut 6 station. Docked with Salyut 6 on 9 Aug 1978 23:59:30 GMT. Undocked on 21 Aug 1978 15:42:50 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 23 Aug 1978 16:45:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 4.10 days. Total docked time 11.66 days.
Manned two crew. Docked with Salyut 6. Delivered to the Salyut-6 station the third international 'Intercosmos' crew consisting of V F Bykovsky (USSR) and S Jaehn (German Democratic Republic) to carry out scientific research and experiments.Recovered November 2, 1978 11:05 GMT.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; separated capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Unmanned supply vessel to Salyut 6. Delivery of fuel, consumable materials and equipment to the Salyut 6 station. Docked with Salyut 6 on 6 Oct 1978 01:00:15 GMT. Undocked on 24 Oct 1978 13:01:52 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 26 Oct 1978 16:28:13 GMT. Total free-flight time 4.22 days. Total docked time 18.50 days.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.
Military topography satellite; returned film capsule; also performed mapping, geodesy, earth resources tasks; deployed capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; deployed capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Military topography satellite; returned film capsule; also performed mapping, geodesy, earth resources tasks; separated capsule.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Manned precursor. Recovered April 1, 1979 10:09 GMT. Soyuz T Test.
Maneuver Summary:
197 km X 240 km orbit to 255 km X 297 km orbit. Delta V: 33 m/s
255 km X 297 km orbit to 264 km X 306 km orbit. Delta V: 4 m/s
264 km X 306 km orbit to 309 km X 321 km orbit. Delta V: 17 m/s
309 km X 321 km orbit to 279 km X 357 km orbit. Delta V: 18 m/s
279 km X 357 km orbit to 352 km X 402 km orbit. Delta V: 32 m/s
352 km X 402 km orbit to 363 km X 384 km orbit. Delta V: 8 m/s
Total Delta V: 112 m/s
Officially: Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.
 | Soyuz pad 1 Credit: © Mark Wade. 16,604 bytes. 198 x 287 pixels. |
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Manned two crew. Docked with Salyut 6. Transported a team consisting of V A Lyakhov and V V Ryumin to the Salyut-6 space station to conduct scientific investigations and experiments and repair work. Recovered June 15, 1979 16:18 GMT. Returned unmanned.
Area survey photo reconnaissance. Spacecraft depressurization led to malfunction of spacecraft. Deorbited after 12 days.
Unmanned supply vessel to Salyut 6. Delivery of fuel, consumable materials and equipment to the Salyut 6 station. Docked with Salyut 6 on 14 Mar 1979 07:19:21 GMT. Undocked on 3 Apr 1979 16:10:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 5 Apr 1979 00:10:22 GMT. Total free-flight time 3.40 days. Total docked time 20.37 days.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.
Manned two crew. Flight under the Intercosmos programme of an international team consisting of N N Rukavishnikov (USSR) and G I Ivanov (Bulgaria). Unsuccessful mission. Failed to rendezvous with Salyut 6. Recovered April 12, 1979 16:35 GMT.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
First flight test of Yantar-4K1 satellite. Returned as planned after 30 days. High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Unmanned supply vessel to Salyut 6. Delivery of fuel, consumable materials and equipment to the Salyut 6 station. Docked with Salyut 6 on 15 May 1979 06:19:22 GMT. Undocked on 8 Jun 1979 07:59:41 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 9 Jun 1979 18:52:46 GMT. Total free-flight time 3.54 days. Total docked time 24.07 days.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Zenit-2M area survey photo reconnaissance satellite used for earth resources studies as part of 'Gektor-Priroda' project. Nauka subsatellite 32KS jettisoned into independent orbit in the course of the mission. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Docked with Salyut 6. Launched unmanned to provide return vehicle for Soyuz 32 crew of Lyakhov/Ryumin after Soyuz 33 primary propulsion system failure. Checked the operation of the spacecraft propulsion unit; transportated the crew of the Salyut-6 station back to earth. Recovered August 19, 1979 12:30 GMT.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Zenit-2M area survey photo reconnaissance satellite used for earth resources studies as part of 'Gektor-Priroda' project. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Unmanned supply vessel to Salyut 6. Delivery of fuel, consumable materials and equipment to the Salyut 6 station. Docked with Salyut 6 on 30 Jun 1979 11:18:22 GMT. Undocked on 18 Jul 1979 03:49:55 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 20 Jul 1979 01:57:30 GMT. Total free-flight time 4.0 days. Total docked time 17.69 days.
10 m diameter radio telescope. Attached to Salyut 6 docking hatch and deployed after separation of Progress from Mir.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
 | Soyuz Shrouds - Comparison of payload shroud and launch escape system development over the life of the Soyuz/Salyut/Mir program. Credit: © Mark Wade. 13,942 bytes. 640 x 480 pixels. |
Military topography satellite; returned film capsule; separated capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Zenit-2M area survey photo reconnaissance satellite used for earth resources studies as part of 'Gektor-Priroda' project. Nauka subsatellite 31KS jettisoned into independent orbit in the course of the mission. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Biological experiments; embryo development, radiation medicine. Biosatellite for the continued investigation of the effects of space flight on living organisms. Capsule recovered 52 deg 17 min N, 65 deg 30 min E. Cosmos 1129 satellite carried biological and radiation physics experiment packages from Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the German Democratic Republic, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. Additional Details: Cosmos 1129.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Military topography satellite; returned film capsule; also performed mapping, geodesy, earth resources tasks; separated capsule.
Photo surveillance mission.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
New generation Soyuz capsule; unmanned flight to Salyut 6. Docked with Salyut 6. Recovered March 25, 1980 21:47 GMT. Unmanned test of Soyuz T design.
Officially: Complex experimental testing of new on-board systems and assemblies under various flight conditions and operation in conjunction with the Salyut-6 orbital station.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Area survey photo reconnaissance. Mission terminated early for unknown reasons (normally 30 day duration).
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Unmanned supply vessel for Salyut 6. Delivery of various cargoes to the Salyut-6 orbital station. Docked with Salyut 6 on 29 Mar 1980 20:01:00 GMT. Undocked on 25 Apr 1980 08:04:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 26 Apr 1980 06:54:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 3.0 days. Total docked time 26.50 days.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Manned two crew. Docked with Salyut 6. Carried crew comprising L I Popov and V V Ryumin to the Salyut-6 station to carry out scientific and technical research and experiments. Returned crew of Soyuz 36 to Earth. Recovered June 3, 1980 15:07 GMT. Landed 140 km SE Dzehezkazgan.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Unmanned supply vessel for Salyut 6. Delivery of various cargoes to the Salyut-6 orbital station. Docked with Salyut 6 on 29 Apr 1980 08:09:19 GMT. Undocked on 20 May 1980 18:51:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 22 May 1980 00:44:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 3.32 days. Total docked time 21.45 days.
 | Progress launch - Early Progress launches used the Soyuz shroud. Although the launch escape tour was retained to maintain the proven aerodynamics, the escape motors and grid stabilizers on the side of the shroud were deleted. 14,940 bytes. 206 x 463 pixels. |
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Military topography satellite; returned film capsule; also performed mapping, geodesy, earth resources tasks; separated capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Transported the fifth international crew under the INTERCOSMOS programme, comprising V N Kubasov (USSR) and B Farkas (Hungary) to the Salyut-6 station to carry out scientific research and experiments. Returned crew of Soyuz 37 to Earth. Recovered July 31, 1980 15:15 GMT.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Test flight of new Soyuz T; docked with Salyut 6. Conducted testing and development of on-board systems in the improved Soyuz T series transport vehicle under piloted conditions. Recovered June 9, 1980 12:40 GMT.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable (?); also performed earth resource tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Unmanned supply vessel for Salyut 6. Delivery of various cargoes to the Salyut-6 orbital station. Docked with Salyut 6 on 1 Jul 1980 05:53:00 GMT. Undocked on 17 Jul 1980 22:21:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 19 Jul 1980 01:47:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 3.19 days. Total docked time 16.69 days.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Manned two crew. Transported to the Salyut-6 station the sixth international crew under the Intercosmos programme, comprising V V Gorbatko (USSR) and Pham Tuan (Viet Nam), to conduct scientific research and experiments. Returned crew of Soyuz 35 to Earth. Recovered October 11, 1980 9:50 GMT.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable (?); also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Manned two crew. Docked with Salyut 6. Transported to the Salyut-6 station the seventh international crew under the INTERCOSMOS programme, comprising Y V Romanenko (USSR) and A. Tomaio Mendez (Cuba), to conduct scientific research and experiments. Recovered September 26, 1980 15:54 GMT.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Military topography satellite; returned film capsule; also performed mapping, geodesy, earth resources tasks; separated capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Unmanned supply vessel for Salyut 6. Delivery of various cargoes to the Salyut-6 orbital station. Docked with Salyut 6 on 30 Sep 1980 17:03:00 GMT. Undocked on 9 Dec 1980 10:23:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 11 Dec 1980 14:00:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 4.23 days. Total docked time 69.72 days.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
 | LC1 Detail - Launch Complex 1 booster release arm counterweights. Credit: © Mark Wade. 75,633 bytes. 581 x 394 pixels. |
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Manned three crew. Docked with Salyut 6. Tested the improved transport ship of the 'SOYUZ T' series; transported to the Salyut-6 orbital station a crew consisting of L D Kizim, O G Makarov and G M Strekalov to carry out repair and preventive work and scientific and technical investigation and experiments. Recovered December 10, 1980 09:26 GMT.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Military topography satellite; returned film capsule; also performed mapping, geodesy.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Unmanned supply vessel to Salyut 6. Delivery of various cargoes to the Salyut-6 orbital station. Docked with Salyut 6 on 26 Jan 1981 15:56:00 GMT. Undocked on 19 Mar 1981 18:14:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 20 Mar 1981 16:59:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 3.02 days. Total docked time 52.10 days.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Military topographic / cartographic satellite.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Manned two crew. Docked with Salyut 6. Transported to the Salyut-6 orbital station cosmonauts V V Kovalenko and V P Savinykh to carry out repairs and preventive maintenance and scientific and technical investigations and experiments. Recovered June 10, 1981 12:38 GMT.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Manned two crew. Docked with Salyut 6. Transported to the Salyut-6 orbital station the eighth international crew under the INTERCOSMOS programme, comprising V A Dzhanibekov (USSR) and Z. Gurragchi (Mongolian People's Republic) to conduct scientific investigations and experiments. Recovered March 30, 1981 11:42 GMT.
Yantar Area survey photo reconnaissance spacecraft failed to achieve orbit.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Manned two crew. Docked with Salyut 6. Transported to the Salyut-6 orbital station the ninth international crew under the INTERCOSMOS programme, comprising L I Popov (USSR), and D. Prunariu (Romania), to conduct scientific research and experiments. Recovered May 22, 1981 13:58 GMT.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
 | LC1 Detail - Launch Complex 1 elevator access. Credit: © Mark Wade. 49,080 bytes. 568 x 390 pixels. |
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Launched from Salyut 7 airlock. Conduct of scientific experiments to study diffusion and heat processes in weightlessness.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
3rd generation, medium resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
3rd generation, medium resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Military topography satellite; returned film capsule; also performed mapping, geodesy.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military topography satellite; returned film capsule; also performed mapping, geodesy.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Manned two crew. Carried Anatoli Berezovoi, Valentin Lebedev to Salyut 7 to conduct scientific research and experiments; returned crew of Soyuz T-7 to Earth. Docked with Salyut 7. Recovered September 1, 1982 15:04 GMT.
 | LC1 flame pit - Closeup of flame pit of Launch Complex 1. Credit: © Mark Wade. 60,338 bytes. 525 x 358 pixels. |
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Unmanned supply vessel to Salyut 7. Transport of various cargoes to the Salyut-7 orbital station. Docked with Salyut 7 on 25 May 1982 07:56:36 GMT. Undocked on 4 Jun 1982 06:31:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 6 Jun 1982 00:05:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 3.81 days. Total docked time 9.94 days.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Military topographic / cartographic satellite.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Photo surveillance; 2 small film capsules recovered in course of flight and main reentry capsule with remaining film, camera, and computer systems at end of flight.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Manned three crew. Docked with Salyut 7. Transported to the Salyut-7 orbital station the Soviet-French international crew, comprising V A Dzhanibekov (USSR), A S Ivanchenkov (USSR) and Jean-Loup Chretien (France) to conduct scientific research and experiments. Recovered July 2, 1982 14:21 GMT.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
3rd generation, medium resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Unmanned supply vessel to Salyut 7. Docked with Salyut 7 on 12 Jul 1982 11:41:00 GMT. Undocked on 10 Aug 1982 22:11:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 13 Aug 1982 01:29:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 4.21 days. Total docked time 29.44 days.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Military topography satellite; returned film capsule; also performed mapping, geodesy.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Docked with Salyut 7. Carried Svetlana Savitskaya, Leonid Popov, Alexander Serebrov to Salyut 7 to conduct scientific and technical research and experiments; returned crew of Soyuz T-5 to Earth. Recovered December 10, 1982 19:03 GMT. Landed 118 km E Dzhezkazgan.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Unmanned supply vessel to Salyut 7. Docked with Salyut 7 on 20 Sep 1982 06:12:00 GMT. Undocked on 14 Oct 1982 13:46:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 16 Oct 1982 17:08:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 4.19 days. Total docked time 24.32 days.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Unmanned supply vessel to Salyut 7. Docked with Salyut 7 on 2 Nov 1982 13:22:00 GMT. Undocked on 13 Dec 1982 15:32:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 14 Dec 1982 17:17:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 3.16 days. Total docked time 41.09 days.
 | Flame pit of LC1 - Flame pit of Launch Complex 1. Credit: © Mark Wade. 40,090 bytes. 555 x 376 pixels. |
Launched from Salyut 7 airlock. Conduct of experiments in the field of amateur radiocommunications.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; film capsule; also performed earth resources tasks. Returned in less than usual 30 day full duration.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable. First launch from LC43/4 since on-pad explosion in March 1980.
Manned three crew. Unsuccessful mission. Failed to rendezvous with Salyut 7. Recovered April 22, 1983 13:29 GMT. Landed 113 km SE Arkalyk.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Manned two crew. Docked with Salyut 7. Transported to the Salyut-7 orbital station a crew consisting of V A Lyakhov, commander of the spacecraft, and A P Aleksandrov, flight engineer, to conduct scientific and technical research and experiments. Recovered November 23, 1983 19:58 GMT.
Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission. Final Yantar-2K mission.
3rd generation, medium resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
3rd generation, medium resolution photo surveillance; film capsule. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
3rd generation, medium resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
 | LC1 Detail - Launch vehicle base access platforms at Launch Complex 1. Credit: © Mark Wade. 58,236 bytes. 567 x 395 pixels. |
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resource tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Unmanned supply vessel to Salyut 7. Docked with Salyut 7 on 19 Aug 1983 13:47:00 GMT. Undocked on 17 Sep 1983 11:44:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 17 Sep 1983 23:43:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.57 days. Total docked time 28.91 days.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resource tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Aborted September 27, 1983 19:38 GMT. Unsuccessful mission. Launch vehicle blew up on pad at Tyuratam; crew saved by abort system.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Transport of various cargoes to the Salyut-7 orbital station. Docked with Salyut 7 on 22 Oct 1983 11:34:00 GMT. Boosted Salyut to 326 X 356 orbit on 4 Nov 1983. Undocked on 13 Nov 1983 03:08:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 16 Nov 1983 04:18:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 5.11 days. Total docked time 21.65 days.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Photo surveillance; 2 small film capsules recovered in course of flight and main reentry capsule with remaining film, camera, and computer systems at end of flight. Final flight of the Yantar-2K/Yantar-4K1 series. All 12 Yantar-4K1 flights were completely successful.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Biological experiments. Continued investigation of the influence of space flight factors on living organisms. Carried monkeys Abrek and Bion. Capsule recovered 52 deg 42 min N, 62 deg 48 min E. The first U.S.S.R. orbital flight of a non-human primate was accomplished on the Cosmos 1514 mission. Two monkeys flew on the mission, together with several pregnant rats. More than 60 experiments were performed by investigators from Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, France, the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. U.S. scientists conducted three experiments on the primates and another experiment on the rat subjects. Additional Details: Cosmos 1514.
Military topographic / cartographic satellite.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Manned three crew. Docked with Salyut 7. Transported a crew consisting of ship's commander L D Kizim, flight engineer V A Solovyov and cosmonaut-research O Y Atkov to the SALYUT-7 orbital station to conduct scientific and technical studies and experiments. Returned crew of Soyuz T-11 to Earth. Recovered April 11, 1984 10:50 GMT. Landed 160 km E Dzehezkazgan.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resource tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Transport of various cargoes to the Salyut-7 orbital station. Docked with Salyut 7 on 23 Feb 1984 08:21:00 GMT. Undocked on 31 Mar 1984 09:40:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 1 Apr 1984 18:18:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 3.43 days. Total docked time 37.05 days.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
 | LC1 Detail - Launch Complex 1 with propellant cars, horizontal booster transporter. Credit: © Mark Wade. 42,761 bytes. 573 x 395 pixels. |
Scientific mission using spacecraft based on Vostok/Zenit design.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Manned three crew. Docked with Salyut 7.Transported a Soviet-Indian international crew comprising ship's commander Y V Malyshev, flight engineer G M Strekalov (USSR) and cosmonaut-researcher R Sharma (India) to the SALYUT-7 orbital station to conduct scientific and technical studies and experiments. Returned crew of Soyuz T-10 to Earth. Recovered October 2, 1984 10:57 GMT.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Transport of various cargoes to the Salyut-7 orbital station. Docked with Salyut 7 on 10 May 1984 00:10:00 GMT. Undocked on 26 May 1984 09:41:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 26 May 1984 15:00:30 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.28 days. Total docked time 16.40 days.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Transport of various cargoes to the Salyut-7 orbital station. Docked with Salyut 7 on 30 May 1984 15:47:00 GMT. Undocked on 15 Jul 1984 13:36:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 15 Jul 1984 18:52:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.28 days. Total docked time 45.91 days.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resource tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Photo surveillance; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Docked with Salyut 7. Transported a crew comprising ship's commander V A Dzhanibekov, flight engineer S E Savitskaya and cosmonaut-research I P Volk to the Salyut-7 orbital station to conduct scientific and technical studies and experiments. Recovered July 29, 1984 12:55 GMT.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resource tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule; also performed earth resources tasks; possibly stranded in bad orbit. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule. Return date suspect.
Transport of various cargoes to the Salyut-7 orbital station. Docked with Salyut 7 on 16 Aug 1984 08:11:00 GMT. Undocked on 26 Aug 1984 16:13:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 28 Aug 1984 01:28:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 3.46 days. Total docked time 10.33 days.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
 | LC1 Detail - Launch Complex 1 booster release arm counterweights. Credit: © Mark Wade. 21,773 bytes. 245 x 423 pixels. |
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military topographic / cartographic satellite.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Materials processing tests.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resource tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance. Spacecraft failed. Blown up in orbit on June 21.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable (?). Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Delivery to the Salyut-7 orbital station of a mixed cargo with a total mass of 2,000 kg. Docked with Salyut 7 on 23 Jun 1985 02:54:00 GMT. Undocked on 15 Jul 1985 12:28:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 15 Jul 1985 22:33:31 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.51 days. Total docked time 22.40 days.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resource tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Biological research. Carried monkeys Verniy and Gordiy. Continued investigations of the influence of space flight factors on living organisms and radiation physics research. Cosmos 1667 was the second USSR biosatellite mission with a primate payload. Cosmos 1667 also featured a large rodent payload, however the U.S. only conducted a single experiment cardiovascular experiment on one of the two flight monkeys. Mission parameters were very similar to those of Cosmos 1514. Countries participating in the mission included the USSR, U.S., France, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary. Additional Details: Cosmos 1667.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
Progress vehicle, given Cosmos designation instead of Progress because control lost early in mission but regained later. Resupplied Salyut 7. On departure briefly undocked and redocked to verify reliability of docking system. Transported of various cargoes to the Salyut-7 orbital station. Docked with Salyut 7 on 21 Jul 1985 15:05:00 GMT. Undocked on 28 Aug 1985 21:50:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 30 Aug 1985 01:20:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 3.23 days. Total docked time 38.28 days.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
 | LC1 Detail - Launch Complex 1 booster strapon access arm. Note stars indicating number of successful launches. Credit: © Mark Wade. 35,733 bytes. 622 x 369 pixels. |
Military topographic / cartographic satellite.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resource tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
3rd generation, high resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resource tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic mission.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
216 orbits. Materials processing experiments. Continuation of research on materials science in space.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule. Also investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military topographic / cartographic satellite.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; reentry capsule destroyed in orbit.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Materials processing tests. Conduct of experiments on the production of semi-conducting materials and super-pure biological preparations in micro-gravity.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Pad was badly damaged and not put back into service until December 1988.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military topographic / cartographic satellite.
High resolution photo reconnaissance. Engine failure prematurely depleted fuel supply. Blown up in orbit on July 26.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Biological research. Carried monkeys Drema and Erosha. Continued investigations of the influence of space flight factors on living organisms and radiation physics research. Capsule recovered 62 deg 47 min N, 112 deg 26 min E (?). Additional Details: Cosmos 1887.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military topographic / cartographic satellite.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance. Spacecraft failed. Blown up in orbit on February 27.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
218 orbits. Materials processing experiments; extremely pure and semiconductor materials. Research in material science in space (production of semiconductor materials with improved properties and very pure biologically active substances)
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military topographic / cartographic satellite.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Topographic mapping for the Army General Staff.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation; survey of seismically active regions of the country, including the Armenian SSR, in the interests of industrial and non -industrial construction.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Investigation of the natural resources of the Earth in the interests of various branches of the Soviet economy and international cooperation; space-based survey of the central part of Antarctica for purposes of mapping inaccessible regions of that continent.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
234 orbits. Materials processing. Space materials research (production of enhanced performance semiconductors and especially pure biologically active substances in microgravity conditions). Jointly with France.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Topographic mapping for the Army General Staff.
Deployed from Resurs F1 6/9/89; passive atmosphere research. Resurs-F: Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the Soviet economy and international cooperation. Satellite carries two passive separable 'Pion' probes to investigate upper atmospheric density.
Deployed Pion 1 & 2. Resurs-F: Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the Soviet economy and international cooperation. Satellite carries two passive separable 'Pion' probes to investigate upper atmospheric density.
Deployed from Resurs F1 6/9/89; passive atmosphere research. Resurs-F: Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the Soviet economy and international cooperation. Satellite carries two passive separable 'Pion' probes to investigate upper atmospheric density.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule. Also investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance. Spacecraft failed. Blown up in orbit on July 28.
Deployed from Resurs F3 8/7/89; passive atmospheric research. Resurs-F: Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the Soviet economy and international cooperation. Satellite carries two passive separable 'Pion' probes to investigate upper atmospheric density.
Deployed Pion 3 & 4. Resurs-F: Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the Soviet economy and international cooperation. Satellite carries two passive separable 'Pion' probes to investigate upper atmospheric density.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Carried W. German microgravity experiment. Investigation of the natural resources of the Earth in the interests of the Soviet economy and international cooperation; and the conduct of biotechnological experiments under a commercial agreement with the firm Interspace (Federal Republic of Germany).
29 US/USSR life science experiments conducted on monkeys, insects, plants, fish, rats. Carried monkeys Zhankonya and Zabiyaka. Cosmos 2044 was the seventh Soviet Biosatellite to orbit the Earth with joint U.S./U.S.S.R. experiments onboard. Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Canada, Poland, Britain, Romania, Czechoslovakia and the European Space Agency also participated in the mission. The joint U.S./U.S.S.R. experiments were conducted on two rhesus monkeys and ten rats that were flown onboard the Biosatellite. The biological payload on the spacecraft also included fish, amphibians, insects, worms, protozoans, cell cultures and plants. Last launch from LC41. Additional Details: Cosmos 2044.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic photo-surveillance satellite; also studied fluxes of heavy nuclei.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance mission.
250 orbits. Soviet and French microgravity experiments. Space materials research.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Topographic mapping for the Army General Staff.
Also carried German microgravity experiment. Investigation of the natural resources of the Earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR; solution of problems relating to ecology and international cooperation. In accordance with a commercial agreement, apparatus belo nging to the Federal Republic of Germany is also being carried for the purpose of conducting biotechnological experiments.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance mission.
Spacecraft mission was research in the field of high-energy (gamma/x-ray) astrophysics conducted jointly with France and Poland. The satellite was based on the Soyuz manned spacecraft and had an extremely long gestation - conceived in 1965, authorised in 1976, scheduled originally for launch in 1984, but further severe technical delays resulted in a 1990 launch.
Investigation of the natural resources of the Earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR; solution of problems relating to ecology and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Investigation of the natural resources of the Earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR; solution of problems relating to ecology and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Carried German microgravity experiment. Investigation of the natural resources of the Earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR; solution of problems relating to ecology and international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Topographic mapping for the Army General Staff.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Also carried microgravity experiments. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of the various branches of the national economy of the USSR, and solution of problems relating to the environment and to international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Investigation of the natural resources of the Earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR; solution of problems relating to ecology and international cooperation.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of the various branches of the national economy of the USSR, and solution of problems relating to the environment and to international cooperation.
Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of the various branches of the national economy of the USSR, and solution of problems relating to the environment and to international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Materials research; carried German, French experiments. Continuation of space materials research conducted jointly with Germany and France.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Topographic mapping for the Army General Staff.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Investigation of the natural resources of the Earth for the various branches of the national economy, the solution of environmental problems, and international cooperation.
Topographic mapping for the Army General Staff.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Capsule reentered 7/9/92. Investigation of the natural resources of the Earth in the interests of the various branches of the national economy.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule.
Deployed from Resurs F16; examined how upper atmosphere affects spacecraft reentries.
Deployed from Resurs F16; examined how upper atmosphere affects spacecraft reentries.
Carried US Dept. of Defense experiment. Investigation of the natural resources of the Earth in the interests of the various branches of the national economy and solution of problems relating to the environment and to international cooperation (the satellite's equipment included two Pion passive satellites for the investigation of the upper atmosphere).
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
250 orbits. Microgravity research. Space materials research (conducted jointly with Germany).
Carried descent module with greetings to American people. Delivery of a humanitarian cargo (messages to the American people, promotional materials of Russian and foreign firms, etc.) to the United States of America in connection with the 500th anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Biological research; carried monkeys Ivasha and Krosha. International study of the adaptation of living organisms to conditions of space flight. After 12 days in Earth orbit, the capsule was recovered 50 deg 46 min N, 73 deg 08 min E, about 100 kilometers north of the city of Karaganda. The Cosmos 2229 mission was also referred to as Bion 10, because it was the tenth in a series of Soviet/Russian unmanned satellites carrying biological experiments. Additional Details: Cosmos 2229.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Topographic mapping for the Army General Staff. Mission normally would have run 44 days.
Investigation of the natural resources of the Earth for the various branches of the national economy, the solution of environmental problems, and international cooperation.
Investigation of the natural resources of the Earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy; solution of problems relating to ecology and international cooperation.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule. Also photography of the earth's surface for the purpose of the natural resource mapping and area monitoring on behalf of various branches of the Russian economy and in the interests of international cooperation. Alternate name: Resurs-T.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir at the Kvant rear port on 13 Aug 1993 00:00:06 GMT. Undocked on 13 Oct 1993 17:59:06 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 19 Oct 1993 00:22:14 GMT. Total free-flight time 7.33 days. Total docked time 61.75 days.
Investigation of the natural resources of the Earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy; solution of problems relating to ecology and international cooperation.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir, carried a Raduga reentry capsule for return of experimental materials to earth. Docked with Mir on 13 Oct 1993 23:24:46 GMT. Undocked on 21 Nov 1993 02:38:43 GMT. Capsule landed in Kazakhstan on 21 Nov 1993 09:06:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.35 days. Total docked time 38.13 days.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir on 30 Jan 1994 03:56:13 GMT. Undocked on 23 Mar 1994 01:20:29 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 23 Mar 1994 05:13:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.23 days. Total docked time 51.89 days.
This space object is intended for assignments on behalf of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Launched into an initial 192 x 238 x 51.6 km orbit. Docked with Mir on 24 Mar 1994 06:39:37 GMT. Fired its engine around 15 May to raise the orbit of the Mir station from 381 x 400 km to 398 x 399 km. Undocked on 23 May 1994 00:58:38 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 23 May 1994 04:40:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.23 days. Total docked time 59.76 days.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir, with Raduga return capsule. Docked with Mir on 24 May 1994 06:18:35 GMT. Undocked on 2 Jul 1994 08:46:49 GMT. The braking engine was ignited at 14:44 GMT, and the Raduga VBK reentry capsule was ejected at 14:55:45 GMT. The Progress burnt up in the atmosphere at 14:57 GMT. The Raduga deployed its parachute after reentry and landed on 2 Jul 1994 15:09:00 GMT at 51 deg 41 min N, 59 deg 21 min E, in the Orenburg region. Total free-flight time 2.34 days. Total docked time 39.10 days.
Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule. Also photography of the earth's surface for the purpose of the natural resource mapping and area monitoring on behalf of various branches of the Russian economy and in the interests of international cooperation. Landed July 29.
Microgravity experiments. Landed July 2.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Topographic mapping for the Army General Staff. Landed September 11 1994.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Failed to dock with Mir on 27 Aug 1994. A second automatic docking attempt on 30 Aug 1994 also failed and the Progress collided with the Kvant module. A third and final attempt, manually controlled by Mir commander Yuriy Malenchenko, was successful on 2 Sep 1994 13:30:28 GMT. The Mir commander and flight engineer, Yuriy Malenchenko and Talgat Musabaev, made a spacewalk on 9 Sep 1994 to inspect the damage to the Kvant module made when the Progress collided with Kvant. Undocked on 4 Oct 1994 18:55:52 GMT, leaving the rear docking port free for Soyuz TM-20. Destroyed in reentry over the Pacific at 38.4 deg S, 137.4 deg W,on 4 Oct 1994 22:43:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 8.12 days. Total docked time 32.23 days.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir on 13 Nov 1994 09:04:29 GMT. Undocked on 16 Feb 1995 13:03:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 16 Feb 1995 16:45:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.23 days. Total docked time 95.17 days.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir on 17 Feb 1995 18:21:34 GMT. Undocked on 15 Mar 1995 02:26:38 GMT. Destroyed in reentry over the Pacific Ocean on 15 Mar 1995 06:15:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.22 days. Total docked time 25.34 days.
234 orbits. Carried Russian, French, German micro-gravity experiments. Landed in Russia Mar 3
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir; carried GFZ-1 German sub-satellite to Mir. Docked with Mir on 11 Apr 1995 21:00:44 GMT. Undocked on 22 May 1995 23:42:37 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 23 May 1995 03:27:52 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.22 days. Total docked time 41.11 days.
Geodetic; carried retroreflectors for ground laser ranging; delivered to Mir on Progress M-27 and deployed from Mir 4/19/95 .
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir's front port on 22 Jul 1995 04:39:37 GMT. Undocked on 4 Sep 1995 05:09:53 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 4 Sep 1995 08:58:55 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.22 days. Total docked time 44.02 days.
Natural resources; photo capsule recovered in Russia on 10/26/95.
Photo/digital surveillance.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Launched into an initial 194 x 242 km x 51.7 deg orbit. Docked with Mir's rear of the Kvant module port on 10 Oct 1995 20:32:40 GMT (Soyuz TM-22 was docked to the front port). Undocked on 19 Dec 1995 09:15:05 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 19 Dec 1995 16:15:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.36 days. Total docked time 69.53 days.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir on 20 Dec 1995 16:10:15 GMT. Undocked on 22 Feb 1996 07:30:02 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 22 Feb 1996 11:02:36 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.22 days. Total docked time 63.64 days.
Mir Expedition EO-21. Soyuz TM-23 docked with Mir at 14:20:35 on February 23. The spacecraft undocked on September 2 at 04:20 GMT, and made a small seperation burn at 04:24:40 GMT. Deorbit was at 06:47:20 GMT . The three modules separated at 07:14:36 and the parachute deployed at 07:26 GMT. The landing was at 07:41:40 GMT, 100 km SW of Akmola in Kazakstan with Yuri Onufrienko, Yuriy Usachyov and Claudie Andre-Deshays. This concluded the French 'Cassiopee' mission.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Delivered 1,140 kg of fuel and 1,700 kg of cargo to the Mir complex. Docked with Mir on 7 May 1996 08:54:19 GMT. Undocked on 1 Aug 1996 16:44:54 GMT. Destroyed in reentry over the Pacific on 1 Aug 1996 20:33:03 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.23 days. Total docked time 86.33 days.
Topographic mapping satellite failed to reach orbit.
High resolution photo reconnaissance mission.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. This was the first successful launch of a Soyuz-U after two failures. Docked with Mir at the forward docking port on 2 Aug 1996 22:03:40 GMT. Undocked on 18 Aug 1996 09:33:45 GMT in order to free up the docking port. By 29 August 1994 Mir was in a 375 x 390 km x 51.6 deg orbit; the Progress M-32 cargo ship, flying separately, was in a 375 x 392 km x 51.6 deg orbit. Redocked with Mir on 3 Sep 1996 09:35:00 GMT at the rear port of the Kvant module. Finally undocked from Mir on 20 Nov 1996 19:51:20 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 20 Nov 1996 22:42:25 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.20 days. Total docked time 93.91 days.
Mir Expedition EO-22. Valeriy Korzun and Aleksandr Kaleri of the Russian Space Agency (RKA) Claudie Andre-Deshays of the French space agency CNES. This launch was the first of the Soyuz-U booster with a crew aboard following two launch failures of on unmanned flights. Soyuz docked with Mir's front port at 14:50:21 GMT on August 19; Mir was in a 375 x 390 km x 51.6 deg orbit.
On Feb 7 at 16:28:01 GMT the EO-22 crew and American astronaut Linenger undocked the Soyuz TM-24 ferry from the front docking port, flew it around to the far side of the complex and redocked at the rear Kvant port at 16:51:27 GMT. This cleared the forward port for the arrival of the EO-23 crew, who brought with them German astronaut Reinhold Ewald on Feb 12. Korzun, Kaleri and Ewald undocked from Mir in the Soyuz TM-24 spaceship at 03:24 GMT on March 2 and landed at 06:44 GMT near Arkaylk in Kazakstan.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir on 22 Nov 1996 01:01:30 GMT. Undocked on 6 Feb 1997 12:13:53 GMT. Thereafter in independent orbital flight in a 377 x 395 km x 51.65 deg orbit. Failed to redock with Mir on 4 Mar 1996. Destroyed in reentry on 12 Mar 1997 03:23:37 GMT. Total free-flight time 35.70 days. Total docked time 76.47 days.
Biological research. Carried monkeys Lalik and Multik.
Mir Expedition EO-23. Soyuz TM-25 docked with Mir at the forward port on February 12 at 15:51:13 GMT.
Following a mission that seemed to consist of an endless series of collisions, breakdowns, fires, and other emergencies, the EO-23 handed over the station and on August 14 entered Soyuz TM-25 landed in Kazakstan at 12:17 UTC, 170 km SE of Dzezkazgan. The Soyuz landing rockets failed to fire on touchdown, giving one of the roughest landings experienced by a returning Mir crew. Additional Details: Soyuz TM-25.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. It carried supplies for the Mir station and repair equipment for Mir's oxygen generators, replacement oxygen-generating 'candles' and a pair of new spacesuits. Docked with Mir at the rear Kvant module port on 8 Apr 1997 17:30:03 GMT. The Mir complex raised its orbit by 5 km on 15 Apr 1997 at 12:00 GMT, using Progress M-34's engine. Undocked on 24 Jun 1997 10:22:50 GMT. It was then used to perform a redocking test using newly developed remote-control procedures which were to replace the automatic system that Russia could no longer afford to buy from Ukraine. At 25 Jun 1997 09:18 GMT Mir commander Tsibliev was remotely commanding the approach of Progress to the Kvant module. This involved guiding the Progress via a television monitor. The Progress was difficult to see against the cloudy earth background at the time of the attempted docking. It went off course and collided with a solar array on the Spektr module and then the module itself. A large hole was made in a solar panel, one of the radiators was buckled, a hole was punched into Spektr's hull, and the module began to depressurize. This was not a slow leak - the crew heard a hissing sound and felt their ears pop. They disconnected the power cables leading from Mir to the main station and closed the hatch on the core module transfer section that led to Spektr. The Spektr module became fully depressurized, remaining docked to Mir with its docking hatch open. The loss of electrical connection between Spektr's solar panels and the main station cut the available power supply to the station, crippling its operations until later repairs reconnected the electrical lines. Tsibliev was also the pilot on a previous orbital collision, when he banged Soyuz TM-17 into Mir in Jan 1994. After the return of the crew to earth he was found to be to blame for the incident, although the fines assessed were later dismissed. The Progress M-34 cargo ship was backed to a safe distance from the station and was destroyed in reentry on 2 Jul 1997 06:31:50 GMT. Total free-flight time 9.90 days. Total docked time 76.70 days.
Long duration film return military reconnaissance satellite. After returning multiple film capsules, the spacecraft was deorbited. This satellite provided Russia with the photo reconnaisance capability after a break of 7 1/2 months. This launch came on the 40th anniversary of the first successful launch of the R-7 rocket, from which the Soyuz-U was derived. It was the 250th launch of the Soyuz-U from Baikonur, the 350th launch from Launch Complex 31, and the 666th launch of a Soyuz-U.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir on 7 Jul 1997 05:59:24 GMT. Undocked on 6 Aug 1997 11:46:45 GMT. Redocked with Mir on 18 Aug 1997 12:52:48 GMT. Final undocking on 7 Oct 1997 12:03:49 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 7 Oct 1997 17:23:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.30 days. Total docked time 80.21 days.
Mir Expedition EO-24. The Soyuz docked manually at 17:02 GMT August 7. Over the next six months the crew undertook seven internal and external spacewalks to repair the crippled space station. Solovyov and Vinogradov together with French astronaut Eyharts (launched aboard Soyuz TM-27) undocked from the forward port on Mir at 05:52 GMT on February 19, 1998, fired their deorbit engines at 08:16 GMT and landed in Kazakstan at 50 deg 11 N, 67 deg 31 E at 09:10 GMT. Additional Details: Soyuz TM-26.
Subscale model of the first Spuntik, hand-launched by Mir crew during an EVA. Transmitted radio signals.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir on 8 Oct 1997 17:07:09 GMT. Undocked on 17 Dec 1997 06:01:53 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 19 Dec 1997 13:20:01 GMT. Total free-flight time 5.39 days. Total docked time 69.54 days.
Microgravity experiments. Landed in Kazakhstan Oct 23.
Landed in Kazakstan Oct 23
Landed in Kazakstan Dec 13.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission. Landed 14 April 1998.
Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir at the rear Kvant port on 22 Dec 1997 10:22:20 GMT. Undocked on 30 Jan 1998 12:00:00 GMT. Redocked with Mir on 23 Feb 1998 09:42:28 GMT. Final undocking 15 Mar 1998 19:16:01 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 15 Mar 1998 23:04:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.23 days. Total docked time 59.47 days.
Soyuz TM-27 carried the Mir EO-25 crew and French astronaut Leopold Eyharts. NASA and the Russian Space Agency had hoped Soyuz TM-27 could dock with Mir while Endeavour was still there, resulting in an on-board crew of 13, a record which would have stood for years or decades. But the French vetoed this, saying the commotion and time wasted would ruin Eyharts Pegase experimental programme. Soyuz TM-27 docked at the Kvant module port at 17:54 GMT on January 31, 1998, less than five hours before Endeavour landed in Florida.
Solovyov handed over command of Mir to EO-25 commander Musabayev, and the Mir EO-24 crew and Eyharts undocked from the forward port of Mir at 05:52 GMT on February 19 aboard the Soyuz TM-26 for their return home. On February 20, the EO-25 crew and Andy Thomas of the NASA-7 mission boarded Soyuz TM-27 and undocked from the Kvant port at 08:48 GMT. They redocked with the forward port on Mir at 09:32 GMT. This freed up the Kvant port for a test redocking of the Progress M-37 cargo ship, parked in a following orbit with Mir during the crew transfer.
Soyuz TM-27 undocked from Mir at 02:05 GMT on August 25, with Musabayev, Budarin and Baturin aboard. They landed on August 25 at 05:23 UTC near Arkalyk in Kazakstan.
Topographic mapping for the Army General Staff. Landed in Kazakhstan April 2 1998.
Progress M-38 was specially modified to carry the second VDU (Vynosnaya Dvigatel'naya Ustanovka, External Engine Unit) propulsion unit. The VDU was mounted externally on a special structure between the cargo module and the service module, replacing the OKD fuel section present on normal Progress vehicles. The crew spacewalks to extract the VDU from Progress and place it on the end of the Sofora boom extending from the Kvant module. The VDU was used to provide attitude control capability for the station. By 03:20 GMT on March 15 1998 Progress M-38 had successfully completed its first two orbital manoeuvres. It replaced Progress M-37 at the docking port on the Kvant module, with a successful docking on March 16 1998 at 22:45 GMT. Undocked May 15 at 1844 UTC, freeing up the docking port on the Kvant module for Progress M-39. Deorbited over Pacific May 15, 1998.
Docked with Mir at the Kvant port at 23:51 GMT on May 16 1998, bringing supplies and scientific experiments to the station. Undocked 09:28 GMT on August 12 1998 in order to clear the port for Soyuz TM-28. Deorbited over Pacific Ocean on October 29, 1998.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission. Landed October 22, 1998.
Photo/digital surveillance. Entered an initial 170 x 290 km x 64.9 deg initial orbit. It manoeuvred to its operational orbit of 240 x 302 km x 64.9 deg on June 27.
Soyuz TM-28 docked at 10:56 GMT on August 15 with the rear (Kvant) port of the Mir space station, which had been vacated at 09:28 GMT on August 12 by Progress M-39. The EO-25 crew, Musabayev and Budarin, landed with Baturin on Aug 25, leaving the EO-26 crew of Padalka and Avdeyev on the station. As only one final Soyuz mission to Mir was planned, with two of the seats on that Soyuz pre-sold to Slovak and French experimenters, the return crew of Soyuz TM-28 was subject to constant replanning and revision. On February 8, 1999, at 11:23 GMT Padalka and Avdeyev undocked from Mir's -X port in Soyuz TM-28, and redocked at the +X Kvant port at 11:39 GMT, freeing up the front port for the Soyuz TM-29 docking. Finally on February 27, 1999 EO-26 commander Padalka and Slovak cosmonaut Bella undocked Soyuz TM-28 from the Kvant rear docking port at 22:52 GMT, landing in Kazakhstan on February 28 at 02:14 GMT. Avdeyev remained on Mir with the EO-27 crew delivered on Soyuz TM-29, heading for a manned space flight time record.
Docked with the rear (+X, Kvant) docking port of the Mir station on October 27. Delivered fuel, dry cargo, and the Znamya-2.5 solar illumination experiment. This was a follow-on to the earlier Znamya-2 experiment on Progress M-15 in 1992. The 25 m diameter Znamya reflector, which would unfold from the nose of the Progress, was to reflect sunlight over a 6 km area onto selected cities. Znamya-2.5 was developed by the Space Regatta Consortium, led by RKK Energia. Energia had long studied such space mirrors as a means of providing lighting to Siberian towns. The project was opposed by environmentalists and astronomers, who feared light pollution. Progress M-40 undocked on February 4, 1999 at 09:59 GMT, but the attempted deployment of the Znamya-2.5 reflector was thwarted when it snagged on a rendezvous system antenna. After two more failed attempts to deploy the antenna the experiment was abandoned. Progress M-40 fired its engines at 10:16 GMT on February 5, braked out of orbit, and burned up over the Pacific Ocean.
On a space walk from Mir on November 10, Padalka and Avdeyev hand-launched the Spoutnik-41 amateur-radio mini-satellite at around 19:30 GMT. Spoutnik-41, also designated RS-18, was another scale model of the first satellite, Sputnik 1, launched 41 years ago. It carried a small transmitter and was sponsored by Aero Club de France, AMSAT-France, and the Astronautical Federation of Russia. A similar model was launched in 1997 for the fortieth anniversary of Sputnik. On that occasion, two flight models were carried to Mir but only one was launched. The second Spoutnik-40 flight model was still aboard Mir as of 1998. The second Spoutnik-40 would perhaps be deployed prior to the abandonment of Mir in 1999.
Soyuz TM-29 docked with Mir on February 22 at 05:36 GMT. Since two crew seats had been sold (to Slovakia and France), Afansyev was the only Russian cosmonaut aboard. This meant that Russian engineer Avdeyev already aboard Mir would have to accept a double-length assignment. After the February 27 departure of EO-26 crew commander Padalka and Slovak cosmonaut Bella aboard Soyuz TM-28, the new EO-27 Mir crew consisted of Afanasyev as Commander, Avdeyev as Engineer and French cosmonaut Haignere. Follwoing an extended mission and three space walks, the last operational crew aboard Mir prepared to return. The station was powered down and prepared for free drift mode. The hatch between Mir and Soyuz was closed for the last time at 18:12 GMT on August 27, 1999. Soyuz TM-29 undocked from Mir at 21:17 GMT with Afanasyev, Avdeyev and Haignere aboard. The Mir EO-27 crew landed in Kazakhstan at 00:35 GMT on August 28. Afanasyev had set a new cumulative time in space record, but for the first time since September 1989 there were no humans in space. The only crew that might return to Mir would be one to deorbit it, and beyond that budgets indicated that no more than one Soyuz crew per year could be sent to the International Space Station.
Resupply craft docked uneventfully with the Mir complex two days later. It also delivered the Sputnik-99 amateur radio satellite, launched into orbit by hand by the cosmonauts during an EVA on April 16. Still hopeful of finding a backer to pay to keep Mir in space, Progress M-41 began a series of engine burns in late April to raise the orbit of the station. It finally undocked from Mir at 11:20 GMT on July 17 and was deorbited over the Pacific later the same day.
Subscale amateur radio model of Sputnik 1. Reentered July 29.
Delivered supplies to the crew of the Mir complex. Docked with the Kvant port at 17:53 GMT on July 18. Remained docked to the station after the departure of the last operational crew in September 1999. Undocked on February 2. 2000, to clear the port for Progress M1, at 0311:52 GMT. Deorbited over the Pacific later the same day at 0610:40 UTC with an 8 minute burn.
High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission. Landed in Russia on December 15, 1999.
Foton 12 carried European microgravity experiments. The spacecraft's descent module landed on Russian territory at 52.47 deg N 53.83 deg E on September 24, 1999.
Remote sensing film satellite. Recovered in Russia on October 22, 1999.
Progress M1 is a modification of the Progress M for the International Space Station. The first such spacecraft was diverted to raise the orbit of Mir. It docked with the unoccupied Mir space station on February 3 at 0802:20 GMT. Burns of its motor to raise Mir's orbit began on February 5 and continued through February 9. Progress M1-1 undocked at 16:33 GMT on April 26 to clear the docking port for Progress M1-2. It was deorbited over the Pacific at 19:27 GMT the same day.
Soyuz TM-30 docked with Mir's forward (-X) port on April 6 at 0631 GMT. Zalyotin and Kaleri reactivated Mir and using Progress M1-1 and M1-2 resupplied the station and raised the orbit to 360 x 378 km x 51.6 deg. The orbital plane of Mir was then around 120 degrees away from that of ISS (making transport between the stations impossible, as desired by NASA). Soyuz TM-30 undocked from Mir on June 15 21:24 GMT. Retrofire came at 23:52 GMT, followed by a safe landing at June 16, 00:44 GMT near Arkalyk in Kazakkstan.
Progress M1-2 docked with the rear Kvant port of Mir at 2128 GMT on April 27. Mir's orbit was raised on April 29 in the first of a series of three burns by Progress M1-2. It later undocked and was deorbited over the Pacific on 15 October.
Advanced imaging reconnaissance satellite. Relays digital imagery to earth via geostationary comsats. The last such satellite, Cosmos 2359, reentered in July 1999 after one year in orbit. The Soyuz-U launcher placed it in a 183 x 277 km x 64.8 deg initial orbit; it raised altitude to 240 x 300 km about 24 hr after launch.
Progress M1-3 automatically docked with the International Space Station on August 8 at 20:13 GMT at the rear Zvezda port. The supply ship began refuelling of the station a few days later. It remained attached for offloading of its dry cargo by the STS-106 crew. It later separated and was deorbited over the Pacific on 1 November.
Twentieth Kometa cartographic satellite, using the Yantar service module with a Vostok-type reentry vehicle. It was announced as a dual civil-military geodetic mission. After a day it raised its orbit to 211 x 285 km x 70.4 deg. Landed in Russia November 14.
Progress docked with Mir, primarily to raise its orbit and preserve the option of a MirCorp-financed flight in 2001.