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astronautix.com Molniya 8K78M

Molniya-ML
Molniya-ML - Molniya-ML - COSPAR 1989-043

24,127 bytes. 335 x 282 pixels.



Family: R-7. Country: Russia. Status: Hardware. Other Designations: Molniya-M. Library of Congress Designation: A-2e. Department of Defence Designation: SL-6. Article Number: 8K78M.

Improved Molniya, in variants with Block ML third stages, used for launch of Molniya spacecraft.


Specifications

Launches: 284. Failures: 19. Success Rate: 93.31% pct. First Launch Date: 19 February 1964. Last Launch Date: 27 December 1999. LEO Payload: 1,800 kg. to: 820 km Orbit. Payload: 1,600 kg. to a: Geosynchronous transfer trajectory. Liftoff Thrust: 409,520 kgf. Total Mass: 305,460 kg. Core Diameter: 3.0 m. Total Length: 40.0 m. Launch Price $: 25.00 million. in 1994 price dollars. Flyaway Unit Cost $: 39.00 million. in 1985 unit dollars.


Molniya 8K78M Chronology


1964 Feb 19 - - 05:47 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n T15000-19. Launch Site: Baikonur . Launch Complex: LC1. FAILURE: Failure.
1964 Mar 1 - LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n T15000-22. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1964 Mar 21 - - 08:16 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n T15000-20. Launch Site: Baikonur . Launch Complex: LC1. FAILURE: Failure.
1964 Mar 27 - - 03:24 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n T15000-22. Launch Site: Baikonur . Launch Complex: LC1. FAILURE: During unpowered coast in parking orbit the escape stage Block L lost stable attitude due to a loss of the the power circuit of the pneumatic valves of the attitude control and stabilisation system.
1964 Apr 2 - - 02:52 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n T15000-23. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1964 Apr 20 - - 08:08 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n T15000-21. Launch Site: Baikonur . Launch Complex: LC1. FAILURE: Failure.
1965 May 9 - - 07:55 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n U103-30. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1965 Jun 8 - - 07:40 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n U103-31. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1965 Nov 12 - - 05:02 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1965 Nov 16 - - 04:19 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1965 Nov 23 - - 03:21 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur . Launch Complex: LC31. FAILURE: At T+528 sec, during the final thrust phase of the Block I's 8D715K engine, one of the combustion chambers blew up due to a tear in the fuel pipeline. This resulted in an abnormal separation of the upper stages.
1965 Nov 26 - LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1966 Jan 31 - - 11:41 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n U103-32. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1966 Mar 1 - - 11:02 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n N103-41. Launch Site: Baikonur . Launch Complex: LC31. FAILURE: The escape stage Block L lost roll control during unpowered coast in parking orbit because the axis of the course regulator of the control system jammed in the zero position. The stage's engine was not fired.
1966 Mar 27 - LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n N103-38. Launch Site: Baikonur . Launch Complex: LC31. FAILURE: The booster failed during ascent. The launcher and payload broke up on impact with the ground.
1966 Mar 31 - - 10:46 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n N103-42. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1966 Apr 25 - - 07:12 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n N103-39. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1966 Aug 24 - - 08:03 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n N103-43. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1966 Oct 20 - - 07:55 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n N103-40. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1966 Oct 22 - - 08:38 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n N103-44. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1966 Dec 21 - - 10:17 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n N103-45. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1967 May 17 - - 21:50 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n Ya716-56. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1967 May 25 - - 22:48 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1967 Jun 12 - - 02:38 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1967 Jun 17 - - 02:36 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur . Launch Complex: LC1. FAILURE: Stage 4's engine 11D33 failed to ignite because the turbopump had not been cooled before ignition.
1967 Aug 31 - - 07:55 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1967 Oct 3 - - 05:02 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n Ya716-83. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1967 Oct 22 - - 08:38 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n Ya716-82. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1968 Feb 7 - - 10:43 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n Ya716-57. Launch Site: Baikonur . Launch Complex: LC1. FAILURE: At T+524.6 sec Stage 3's engine 11D55 cut off prematurely because it ran out of fuel due to an excessive fuel consumption rate through the gas-generator.
1968 Apr 7 - - 10:09 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n Ya716-58. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1968 Apr 21 - - 04:19 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n Ya716-84. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1968 Jul 5 - - 15:21 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n Ya716-85. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1968 Oct 5 - - 00:28 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n Ya716-86. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1968 Dec 16 - - 09:21 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n Ya716-87. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1969 Jan 5 - - 06:28 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1969 Jan 10 - - 05:52 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1969 Apr 11 - - 02:38 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n Ya716-88. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1969 Jul 22 - - 12:57 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M s/n Ya716-89. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1970 Feb 19 - - 18:57 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1970 Jun 26 - - 03:21 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1970 Aug 17 - - 05:38 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1970 Aug 22 - - 05:06 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur . Launch Complex: LC31. FAILURE: The escape stage Block L's engine 11D33 was late igniting and cut off early at 25 seconds after firing due to abnormal operation of the sequencer and a DC transformer failure.
1970 Sep 29 - - 08:24 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1970 Nov 27 - - 15:50 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1970 Dec 25 - - 03:50 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1971 Jul 28 - - 03:36 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1971 Nov 24 - - 09:36 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1971 Dec 20 - - 23:02 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1972 Mar 27 - - 04:15 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur . Launch Complex: LC31.
1972 Mar 31 - - 04:02 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur . Launch Complex: LC31. FAILURE: The escape stage Block L's engine cut off 125 seconds after ignition due to timer failure.
1972 Apr 4 - - 20:38 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1972 Apr 14 - - 00:57 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / SOL. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1972 May 19 - - 14:38 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1972 Jun 29 - - 03:47 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / SOL. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1972 Sep 19 - - 19:19 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1972 Sep 30 - - 20:24 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1972 Oct 14 - - 06:14 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1972 Dec 2 - - 04:48 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1972 Dec 12 - - 06:57 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1973 Feb 3 - - 06:00 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1973 Feb 15 - - 01:12 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / SOL. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1973 Apr 5 - - 11:16 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1973 Jul 11 - - 10:04 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1973 Aug 30 - - 00:14 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1973 Oct 19 - - 10:33 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1973 Nov 2 - - 13:02 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1973 Nov 14 - - 20:38 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1973 Nov 30 - - 13:12 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1973 Dec 25 - - 11:16 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1974 Apr 20 - - 20:52 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1974 Apr 26 - - 14:24 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1974 Jun 29 - - 16:00 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1974 Jul 23 - - 01:26 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1974 Oct 24 - - 12:43 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1974 Nov 21 - - 10:33 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1974 Dec 21 - - 02:24 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1975 Jan 30 - - 15:02 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1975 Feb 6 - - 04:48 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1975 Apr 14 - - 17:53 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1975 Apr 29 - - 10:33 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1975 Jun 5 - - 01:40 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1975 Jul 8 - - 05:02 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1975 Sep 2 - - 13:12 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1975 Sep 9 - - 00:28 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1975 Nov 14 - - 19:14 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1975 Dec 17 - - 11:16 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1975 Dec 22 - - 02:09 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / SOL. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1975 Dec 27 - - 10:22 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1976 Jan 22 - - 11:44 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1976 Mar 11 - - 19:55 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1976 Mar 19 - - 19:40 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1976 May 12 - - 17:57 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1976 Jul 1 - - 08:06 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4. FAILURE: Fourth stage failure.
1976 Jul 23 - - 15:50 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1976 Sep 1 - - 03:23 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3. FAILURE: Fourth stage failure.
1976 Oct 21 - - 09:12 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1976 Nov 25 - - 04:04 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / SOL. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1976 Dec 2 - - 02:52 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1976 Dec 28 - - 06:38 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1977 Feb 11 - - 15:07 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1977 Mar 24 - - 12:00 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1977 Apr 11 - - 01:38 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1977 Apr 28 - - 09:10 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1977 Jun 16 - - 01:58 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1977 Jun 24 - - 05:44 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1977 Jul 20 - - 04:44 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1977 Aug 30 - - 18:14 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1977 Sep 22 - - 00:51 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / SOL. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1977 Oct 28 - - 01:37 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1978 Jan 24 - - 06:51 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1978 Mar 3 - - 22:04 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1978 Jun 2 - - 12:14 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1978 Jun 28 - - 02:59 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1978 Jul 14 - - 15:07 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1978 Aug 23 - - 23:44 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1978 Sep 6 - - 03:04 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1978 Oct 13 - - 05:19 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1978 Oct 30 - - 00:23 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / SOL. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1979 Jan 18 - - 15:42 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1979 Apr 12 - - 00:28 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1979 Jun 6 - - 23:28 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1979 Jun 27 - - 18:11 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1979 Jul 31 - - 04:04 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1979 Aug 28 - - 00:17 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1979 Oct 20 - - 07:12 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1980 Jan 11 - - 12:28 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1980 Feb 12 - - 00:53 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4. FAILURE: Fourth stage failure.
1980 Apr 12 - - 20:18 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1980 Apr 18 - - 17:31 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1. FAILURE: Fourth stage failure.
1980 Jun 14 - - 20:52 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1980 Jun 21 - - 20:09 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1980 Jul 2 - - 00:54 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1980 Jul 18 - - 10:37 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1980 Oct 24 - - 10:53 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1980 Nov 16 - - 04:33 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1980 Nov 28 - - 23:16 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1980 Dec 25 - - 04:04 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / SOL. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1981 Jan 9 - - 14:57 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1981 Jan 30 - - 18:00 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1981 Feb 19 - - 10:00 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1981 Mar 24 - - 03:31 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1981 Mar 31 - - 09:40 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1981 Jun 8 - - 03:33 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1981 Jun 19 - - 19:37 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1981 Jun 24 - - 19:26 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1981 Aug 4 - - 00:13 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1981 Sep 11 - - 08:43 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3. FAILURE: Fourth stage failure.
1981 Oct 17 - - 05:59 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1981 Nov 1 - - 22:54 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1981 Nov 17 - - 15:36 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1981 Dec 23 - - 05:31 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1982 Feb 26 - - 20:09 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1982 Mar 3 - - 05:44 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1982 Mar 24 - - 00:12 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1982 Apr 8 - - 13:48 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1982 May 20 - - 13:09 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1982 May 29 - - 22:04 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1982 Jun 25 - - 02:28 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1982 Jul 21 - - 09:50 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1982 Aug 27 - - 00:02 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1982 Sep 22 - - 06:23 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1982 Dec 8 - - 13:55 GMT. Launch Site: Baikonur . FAILURE: Fourth stage failure.
1983 Mar 11 - - 15:29 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1983 Mar 16 - - 18:14 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1983 Apr 2 - - 02:09 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1983 Apr 25 - - 19:34 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1983 Jul 1 - - 12:14 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / SOL. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1983 Jul 8 - - 19:21 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1983 Jul 19 - - 15:21 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1983 Aug 31 - - 22:49 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1983 Nov 21 - - 16:48 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1983 Dec 21 - - 06:08 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1983 Dec 28 - - 03:48 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1984 Mar 6 - - 17:10 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1984 Mar 17 - - 23:31 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1984 Apr 4 - - 01:40 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1984 Jun 6 - - 15:50 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1984 Jul 4 - - 21:50 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1984 Aug 2 - - 08:38 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1984 Aug 10 - - 00:00 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1984 Aug 24 - - 08:09 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1984 Sep 7 - - 19:12 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1984 Oct 4 - - 19:55 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1984 Dec 14 - - 20:38 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1985 Jan 16 - - 06:28 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1985 Apr 26 - - 06:00 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / SOL. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1985 May 29 - - 07:41 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1985 Jun 11 - - 14:38 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1985 Jun 18 - - 00:43 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1985 Jul 17 - - 01:12 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1985 Aug 12 - - 15:21 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1985 Aug 22 - - 19:26 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1985 Sep 24 - - 04:48 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1985 Sep 30 - - 19:26 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1985 Oct 3 - - 07:26 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1985 Oct 22 - - 20:24 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1985 Oct 23 - - 07:12 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1985 Oct 28 - - 17:16 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1985 Nov 9 - - 08:38 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1985 Dec 24 - - 19:12 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1986 Feb 1 - - 18:12 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1986 Apr 18 - - 19:59 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1986 Jun 20 - - 21:09 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1986 Jul 5 - - 01:16 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1986 Jul 30 - - 15:07 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1986 Aug 28 - - 00:28 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1986 Sep 5 - - 09:21 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1986 Oct 3 - - 13:12 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1. FAILURE: Fourth stage failure.
1986 Oct 15 - - 09:50 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1986 Oct 20 - - 09:07 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1986 Nov 16 - - 21:50 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1986 Nov 20 - - 12:28 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1986 Dec 12 - - 18:43 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1986 Dec 26 - - 15:21 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1987 Jan 22 - - 16:04 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1987 Jun 4 - - 18:50 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1987 Jun 12 - - 07:40 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1987 Dec 22 - - 22:35 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1988 Feb 26 - - 09:50 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1988 Mar 11 - - 06:43 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1988 Mar 22 - - 21:07 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1988 May 26 - - 15:21 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1988 Aug 12 - - 13:12 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1988 Aug 30 - - 14:09 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1988 Sep 29 - - 09:21 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1988 Oct 4 - - 22:33 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1988 Oct 25 - - 18:00 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC41/1.
1988 Dec 22 - - 14:09 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1988 Dec 28 - - 05:31 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1989 Feb 14 - - 04:33 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1989 Feb 15 - - 11:16 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1989 Jun 8 - - 17:16 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1989 Sep 27 - - 14:38 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1989 Nov 23 - - 20:38 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1989 Nov 28 - - 10:04 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1990 Jan 23 - - 02:52 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1990 Mar 27 - - 16:48 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1990 Apr 26 - - 01:40 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1990 Apr 28 - - 13:12 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1990 Jun 13 - - 01:12 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1990 Jun 22 - - 20:52 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3. FAILURE: Fourth stage failure.
1990 Jul 25 - - 18:14 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1990 Aug 11 - - 20:24 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1990 Aug 28 - - 07:55 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1990 Sep 21 - - 20:24 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1990 Nov 20 - - 01:12 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1990 Nov 23 - - 03:50 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1991 Feb 15 - - 15:21 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1991 Mar 22 - - 11:45 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1991 Jun 18 - - 07:40 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Baikonur .
1991 Aug 1 - - 12:00 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1991 Sep 17 - - 20:02 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1992 Jan 24 - - 00:14 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1992 Mar 4 - - 04:27 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1992 Jul 8 - - 10:04 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1992 Aug 6 - - 18:14 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1992 Oct 14 - - 20:09 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1992 Oct 21 - - 10:33 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1992 Nov 25 - - 11:02 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1992 Dec 2 - - 01:57 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1993 Jan 13 - - 01:55 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1993 Jan 26 - - 14:24 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1993 Apr 6 - - 19:12 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1993 Apr 21 - - 00:28 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1993 May 26 - - 03:36 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1993 Aug 4 - - 00:57 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1993 Aug 10 - - 14:52 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1993 Dec 22 - - 20:37 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43.
1994 Aug 5 - - 01:12 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1994 Aug 23 - - 14:30 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43.
1994 Dec 14 - - 14:21 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1995 May 24 - - 20:09 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1995 Aug 2 - - 23:45 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1995 Aug 9 - - 02:21 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1995 Dec 28 - - 06:45 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Baikonur . Launch Complex: LC31.
1996 Aug 14 - - 22:21 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1996 Aug 29 - - 05:22 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1996 Oct 24 - - 11:37 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1997 Jan 10 - LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M (Block-2BL). Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1997 Apr 9 - - 09:00 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1997 May 14 - - 00:33 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1997 Sep 24 - - 21:32 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/4.
1998 May 7 - - 08:53 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / 2BL. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC16/2.
1998 Jul 1 - - 00:48 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1998 Sep 28 - - 23:41 GMT. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M / ML. Launch Site: Plesetsk .
1999 Jul 8 - - 08:46 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk . Launch Complex: LC43/3.
1999 Dec 27 - - 19:20 GMT. Launch Site: Plesetsk .

Bibliography:



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Last update 12 March 2001.
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