Canadian communications; 107.3 deg W. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 67 , 274 .

Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 67 , 274 .

Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 67 , 274 .

Astrophysical laboratory for gamma ray observations; deployed from STS-37 4/7/91; renamed Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory was intentionally deorbited on by NASA over the objections of the scientific community on June 3, 2000. NASA decided to end the mission after several orientation gyroscope failures. They felt that if another gyroscope was lost, the heavy spacecraft might eventually reenter out of control. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Manned five crew. Unscheduled EVA to manually deploy the Gamma-Ray Observatory's high-gain antenna, which failed to deploy upon ground command. Payloads: Gamma-Ray Observatory (GRO), Crew/ Equipment Translation Aids (part of Extravehicular Activity Development Flight Experiment), Ascent Particle Monitor (APM), Bioserve Instrumentation Technology Associates Materials Dispersion Apparatus (BlMDA), Protein Crystal Growth (PCG)-Block Il, Space Station Heatpipe Advanced Radiator Element (SHARE)-ll, Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX)-ll, Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME)-lIl, Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS) Calibration Test. Additional Details: STS-37. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 .

Manually deployed Gamma-Ray Observatory's high-gain antenna. References: 66 .

Tested CETA (Crew / Equipment Translation Aids - rail with cart for moving astronauts around exterior of International Space Station). References: 66 .

Subsequent attempts to release it failed, reducing data return rate by an order of magnitude.

Commercial business communications; stationed at 101 deg W. C, Ku band communications satellite. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Military navigation satellite. Positioned in plane 5 of constellation. Signals at 150.03 and 400.07 MHz. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 107 .

Second and final launch of the Small ICBM missile (first launch on 11 May 1989). References: 88 .

Testing data-measuring equipment and methods for remote sensing of the atmosphere and Earth's surface to benefit the Soviet economy and science. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 115 .

Inspected Kurs docking system antenna. References: 66 .

Chemical Release Observation; deployed 5/3/91; released gases for observation by IBSS. Spent boosters, spent maneuvering stages, shrouds and other non-functional objects (US Cat D). References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Chemical Release Observation; deployed 5/2/91; released gases for observation by IBSS. Spent boosters, spent maneuvering stages, shrouds and other non-functional objects (US Cat D). References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Chemical Release Observation; deployed 5/2/91; released gases for observation by IBSS. Spent boosters, spent maneuvering stages, shrouds and other non-functional objects (US Cat D). References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Infrared Background Signature Survey; sensor technology test; retrieved 5/2/91. Spent boosters, spent maneuvering stages, shrouds and other non-functional objects (US Cat D). References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Shuttle Pallet Satellite-II (SPAS-II) experiments were carried out on this classified mission. No details on whether SPAS was released or nature of experiments. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 .

Manned seven crew. Deployed USA 70, CRO A, CRO B, CRO C; deployed and retrieved IBSS. Payloads: Infrared Background Signature Survey (lBSS), Air Force Program (AFP)-675, Space Test Payload (STP)-I, Multi-Purpose Experiment Canister (MPEC), Cloud Logic to Optimize Use of Defense Systems (CLOUDS)-1A, Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME)-lll. Additional Details: STS-39. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 .

Classified subsatellite released from shuttle. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Spacecraft engaged in research and exploration of the upper atmosphere or outer space (US Cat B). References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 278 .

Six satellites launched by a single carrier rocket. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 105 .

Docked with Mir. Mir Expedition EO-09. Carried Anatoli Artsebarski, Sergei Krikalev, Helen Sharman to Mir; returned Artsebarski, crew of Soyuz TM 8 to Earth. Second commercial flight with paying British passenger. Sponsoring British consortium was not quite able to come up with money, however. Flight continued at Soviet expense with very limited UK experiments. References: 1 , 2 , 6 , 51 .

Also carried microgravity experiments. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of the various branches of the national economy of the USSR, and solution of problems relating to the environment and to international cooperation. References: 1 , 2 , 6 .

High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission. References: 1 , 2 , 6 , 179 .

Stationed at 139 deg W. Spacecraft engaged in research and exploration of the upper atmosphere or outer space (US Cat B). References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir on 1 Jun 1991 09:44:37 GMT. Undocked on 15 Aug 1991 22:16:59 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 16 Aug 1991 06:56:32 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.43 days. Total docked time 75.52 days. References: 1 , 2 , 6 , 275 .

Oceanography. Gathering of up-to-date oceanographic information and data on ice conditions in the interests of the Soviet economy and international cooperation. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Carried Spacelab life sciences module. Payloads: Spacelab Life Sciences (SLS)-1 with long module, getaway special bridge assembly with 12 getaway specials, Physiological Monitoring System (PMS), Urine Monitoring System (UMS), Animal Enclosure Modules (AEM), Middeck Zero-gravity Dynamics Experiment (MODE), 7 Orbiter Experiments Program experiments. Additional Details: STS-40. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 .

Investigation of outer space. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Deployed from MIR 6/17/91. Launched from Mir airlock. Investigation of features at the Earth's atmosphere. Launched with the Mir orbital station. References: 1 , 2 , 6 .

Material and biological experiments.

Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Replaced Kurs docking system antenna. References: 66 .

Released 25 Romb radar calibration subsatellites.

Attached TREK cosmic ray collector to exterior of station. References: 66 .

Investigation of the natural resources of the Earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR; solution of problems relating to ecology and international cooperation. References: 1 , 2 , 6 .

Radiation Experiment; tested communications components in high radiation environment. Spacecraft engaged in research and exploration of the upper atmosphere or outer space (US Cat B). References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .