Soyuz 11A511U2 Soyuz 11A511U2 - COSPAR 1988-048 32,590 bytes. 557 x 183 pixels.

Soyuz 11A511U2 used synthetic kerosene ('Sintin') in first stage for launch of premium reconnaisance satellite and manned payloads requiring just a bit more payload than the standard 11A511 could offer. Further use of the 11A511U2 abandoned in 1996 due to Sintin production stoppage. Later Soyuz spacecraft launched on standard Soyuz, with reduced payload and rendezvous with Mir in lower orbit accepted.

Launches: 89. Failures: 2. Success Rate: 97.75% pct. First Launch Date: 26 December 1982. Last Launch Date: 03 September 1995. LEO Payload: 7,050 kg. to: 200 km Orbit. at: 51.6 degrees. Liftoff Thrust: 414,071 kgf. Total Mass: 297,800 kg. Core Diameter: 3.0 m. Total Length: 34.5 m.

• Stage Number: 0. 4 x Soyuz 11A511U2-0 Gross Mass: 42,810 kg. Empty Mass: 3,550 kg. Thrust (vac): 101,600 kgf. Isp: 314 sec. Burn time: 118 sec. Isp(sl): 257 sec. Diameter: 2.7 m. Span: 2.7 m. Length: 19.6 m. Propellants: Lox/Kerosene No Engines: 1. RD-107-11D511P

• Stage Number: 1. 1 x Soyuz 11A511U2-1 Gross Mass: 101,160 kg. Empty Mass: 6,500 kg. Thrust (vac): 103,100 kgf. Isp: 319 sec. Burn time: 286 sec. Isp(sl): 252 sec. Diameter: 3.0 m. Span: 3.0 m. Length: 27.8 m. Propellants: Lox/Kerosene No Engines: 1. RD-108-11D512P

• Stage Number: 2. 1 x Soyuz 11A511U2-2 Gross Mass: 25,400 kg. Empty Mass: 2,400 kg. Thrust (vac): 30,400 kgf. Isp: 330 sec. Burn time: 250 sec. Isp(sl): 0 sec. Diameter: 2.7 m. Span: 2.7 m. Length: 6.7 m. Propellants: Lox/Kerosene No Engines: 1. RD-0110

• Soyuz 11A511U2 authorised.

  Central Committee of the Communist Party and Council of Soviet Ministers Decree 178 'On development of the 11A511U2 launch vehicle' was issued.

• Cosmos 1426 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• Progress 20 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 121. Mass: 7,200 kg.

  Transport of various cargoes to the Salyut-7 orbital station. First launch of Progress by Soyuz-U2 launch vehicle. Docked with Salyut 7 on 17 Apr 1984 09:22:00 GMT. Undocked on 6 May 1984 17:46:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 7 May 1984 00:32:51 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.33 days. Total docked time 19.35 days.

• Cosmos 1552 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• Cosmos 1643 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• Soyuz T-13 Spacecraft: Soyuz T. Payload: Soyuz T s/n 19L. Mass: 6,850 kg.

  Docked with Salyut 7. Delivered to the Salyut-7 orbital station a crew consisting of flight commander V A Dzhanibekov and flight engineer V P Savinykh to carry out emergency repairs to inert Salyut 7 station and to conduct scientific and technical research and experiments. Returned crew of Soyuz T-14 to Earth. Recovered September 26, 1985 9:52 GMT.

• Soyuz T-14 Spacecraft: Soyuz T. Payload: Soyuz T s/n 20L. Mass: 6,850 kg.

  Docked with Salyut 7. Transported a crew comprising ship's commander V V Vasyutin, flight engineer G M Grechko and cosmonaut-researcher A A Volkov to the Salyut-7 orbital station to conduct scientific and technical studies and experiments. Grechko returned in Soyuz T-13 on 25 September 1985 - emergency return.

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  Soyuz LV Credit: © Mark Wade. 1,483 bytes. 71 x 353 pixels.

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• Cosmos 1731 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• Soyuz T-15 Spacecraft: Soyuz T. Payload: Soyuz T 11F732 s/n 21L. Mass: 7,020 kg.

  Mir Main Expedition EO-01. Epic repair mission. Crew comprising ship's commander L D Kizim and flight engineer V A Solovyov first docked with the Mir orbital station to conduct scientific and technical studies and experiments. Mir then maneuvered 17 April to match Salyut 7 at 4000 km separation, then again on 4 May to catch up. After six weeks aboard Mir, Soyuz T-15 undocked on 5 May, then rendezvoused with the dead Salyut 7 station. Only docking to date by a single spacecraft with two space stations. After manual docking with inoperative Salyut 7, the station was found to be ice bound and without electrical power. Crew repaired the station, regaining power, heat, and environmental control. Removed experimental results left behind by last crew. Undocked Salyut 7 on 25 June, and redocked with Mir on 26 June. Landed 55 km NE Arkalyk. Recovered July 16, 1986 12:34 GMT. No crew ever revisited Salyut 7; it made an uncontrolled reentry over Argentina.

• Progress 25 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 134. Mass: 7,270 kg.

  Unmanned supply vessel transporting sundry cargoes to the Mir orbital station. Docked with Mir on 21 Mar 1986 11:16:02 GMT. Undocked on 20 Apr 1986 19:24:08 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 21 Apr 1986 00:48:30 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.27 days. Total docked time 30.34 days.

• Progress 26 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 136. Mass: 7,250 kg.

  Unmanned supply vessel to Mir. Rendezvoused with Mir on 25 April, but problem with Mir's radio communication system delays docking until the next day. Docked with Mir on 26 Apr 1986 21:26:06 GMT. Undocked on 22 Jun 1986 18:25:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 23 Jun 1986 15:41:01 GMT. Total free-flight time 3.96 days. Total docked time 56.87 days.

• Soyuz TM-1 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 51. Mass: 7,070 kg.

  Test of new Soyuz vehi cle. Recovered May 30, 1986 6:49 GMT. Unmanned test of Soyuz TM. Docked with Mir May 23 1987. Undocked 29 May.
  Officially: Comprehensive experimental testing of spacecraft in independent flight and jointly with the Mir orbital station.

• Cosmos 1770 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• Cosmos 1810 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• Progress 27 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 135. Mass: 7,230 kg.

  Unmanned supply vessel to Mir; raised Mir's orbit. Transported sundry cargoes to the Mir orbital station. Docked with Salyut 7 on 18 Jan 1987 07:26:50 GMT. Undocked on 23 Feb 1987 11:29:01 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 25 Feb 1987 16:05:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 4.25 days. Total docked time 36.17 days.

• Soyuz TM-2 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 52. Mass: 7,100 kg.

  Mir Expedition EO-02. Docked with Mir 7 February 1987. Carried Yuri Romanenko, Aleksander Laveykin to Mir; returned Laveykin, crew of Soyuz TM-3 to Earth. Undocked from Mir 8:34 GMT 29 July. Orbital Module left in a 308 X 356 orbit. Recovered July 30, 1987 01:54 GMT.

• Progress 28 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 137. Mass: 7,246 kg.

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  RD-0110 Engine - Soyuz 11A511 Stage 2 engine displayed at Tsiolkovskiy Museum in Kaluga. Credit: © Mark Wade. 33,533 bytes. 294 x 467 pixels.

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  Unmanned supply vessel to Mir. Orbit of station at time of rendezvous was 344 X 369 km, 51. 62 deg. Docked with Mir on 5 Mar 1987 12:42:36 GMT. Undocked on 26 Mar 1987 05:06:48 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 28 Mar 1987 03:49:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 4.01 days. Total docked time 20.68 days.

• Cosmos 1836 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• Progress 29 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 127. Mass: 7,100 kg.

  Unmanned supply vessel to Mir. Deorbited May 11, 1987. Docked with Mir at 343 X 363 1705 23 April at rear port of Kvant. Undocked May 11 03:10. Deorbited28 May 02:59 .
  Officially: Transporting sundry cargoes to the Mir orbital station. Docked with Salyut 7 on 23 Apr 1987 17:04:51 GMT. Undocked on 11 May 1987 03:10:01 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 11 May 1987 08:28:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.30 days. Total docked time 17.42 days.

• Progress 30 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 128. Mass: 7,249 kg.

  Unmanned supply vessel to Mir. Rendezvoused with Mir/Kvant in its orbit of 343 X 366 km, 51. 6 deg. Docked with the station on 21 May 1987 05:50:38 GMT. Undocked on 19 Jul 1987 00:19:51 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 19 Jul 1987 05:42:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.30 days. Total docked time 58.77 days.

• Soyuz TM-3 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 53. Mass: 7,100 kg.

  Manned three crew. Transported to the Mir orbital space station a Soviet-Syrian crew comprising cosmonauts A S Viktorenko, A P Aleksandrov and M A Faris to conduct joint research and experiments with cosmonauts Y Romanenko and A Laveykin. Maneuvered from initial 231 X 217 km orbit to Mir's 311 X 359 km orbit. Docked with rear Mir port at 3:30 GMT 24 July. Undocked with rear port 30 July and docked to forward port. Undocked 05:55 GMT 29 December. Returned Aleksandrov, Yuri Romanenko (Soyuz TM-2), Anatoly Levchenko (Soyuz TM-4) to Earth. Recovered December 29, 1987 09:16 GMT. Landed near Arkalyk.

• Progress 31 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 138. Mass: 7,212 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Rendezvous transfer orbits 187 X 250 km, 51. 64 deg; 266 X 314 km; 309 X 360 km. Docked with Mir on 5 Aug 1987 22:27:35 GMT. Refueled Mir propellants tanks on 15/16 Sept. Undocked on 21 Sep 1987 23:57:41 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 23 Sep 1987 01:02:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 3.12 days. Total docked time 47.06 days.

• Cosmos 1881 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• Progress 32 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 139. Mass: 7,035 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Delivered 850 kg propellants, 315 kg food, 2,000 kg total. Docked with Mir on 26 Sep 1987 01:08:15 GMT. Undocked on 10 Nov 1987 04:09:10 GMT. Redocked from 2,500 m on 10 Nov 1987 05:47 GMT. Undocked again 17 Nov 1998 19:25 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 19 Nov 1987 00:58:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 3.17 days. Total docked time 52.82 days.

• Progress 33 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 140. Mass: 6,895 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Space station orbit at rendezvous was 326 km x 343 km. Docked on 23 Nov 1987 01:39:13 GMT. Undocked on 19 Dec 1987 08:15:46 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 19 Dec 1987 13:37:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.30 days. Total docked time 26.28 days.

• Soyuz TM-4 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 54. Mass: 7,070 kg.

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  R-7 aft end Credit: © Mark Wade. 47,694 bytes. 421 x 583 pixels.

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  Mir Expedition EO-03. Carried Musa Manarov, Anatoly Levchenko, Vladimir Titov to Mir; returned crew of Soyuz TM-5 to Earth. Orbits 168 x 243 km, 255 x 296 km, 333 x 359 km. Docked with Mir 12:51 GMT 23 December. 30 December moved to forward port. Undocked 06:18 GMT 17 June 88. Recovered June 17, 1988 10:13 GMT. Landed 202 km from Dzehezkazgan.

• Progress 34 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 142. Mass: 7,078 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked on 23 Jan 1988 00:09:09 GMT. Undocked on 4 Mar 1988 03:40:09 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 4 Mar 1988 07:29:30 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.21 days. Total docked time 41.15 days.

• Progress 35 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 143. Mass: 7,037 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked on 25 Mar 1988 22:21:35 GMT. Undocked on 5 May 1988 01:36:03 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 5 May 1988 06:56:19 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.28 days. Total docked time 40.14 days.

• Cosmos 1936 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• Progress 36 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 144. Mass: 7,077 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Rendezvous transfer orbits 185x246 km, 51. 66 deg; 223x334 km; 331x357 km. Docked with Mir on 15 May 1988 02:13:26 GMT. Undocked on 5 Jun 1988 11:11:55 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 5 Jun 1988 21:18:40 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.49 days. Total docked time 21.37 days.

• Soyuz TM-5 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 55. Mass: 7,000 kg.

  Transported to the Mir orbital station a Soviet/Bulgarian crew comprising cosmonauts A Y Solovyev, V P Savinykh and A P Aleksandrov (Bulgaria) to conduct joint research and experiments with cosmonauts V G Titov and M K Manarov. Interim orbit 343 x 282 km. Maneuvered to Mir's 355 x 349 km orbit. Docked 15:57 GMT 9 June to Mir's aft port. Moved to forward port 18 June. Undocked 22:55 GMT 5 September. Jettisoned Orbital Module 23:35 GMT 5 September. Planned landing 02:15 September 6 1988 failed due to confusion of infrared horizon sensors. Repeat retrofire attempt one orbit later resulted in a partial burn only. The crew had to spend a tense 24 hours in the cramped Descent Module (the Orbital Module having already been jettisoned before the retrofire burn) before making last chance deorbit. Finally Lyakhov and Afghani cosmonaut Mohmand (Soyuz TM-6) returned safely to Earth and landed September 7, 1988 00:50 GMT, 160 km SE Dzhezkazgan.

• Yantar-4KS1 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1.

• Progress 37 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 145. Mass: 7,065 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Rendezvous transfer orbits 187x256 km, 51. 62 deg; 235 x 319 km; 343 x 347 km. Docked with Mir on 20 Jul 1988 22:33:40 GMT. Refuelling operations on 7,8, and 9 August 1998. Undocked on 12 Aug 1988 08:31:54 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 12 Aug 1988 13:45:40 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.27 days. Total docked time 22.42 days.

• Soyuz TM-6 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 56. Mass: 7,070 kg.

  Transported to the Mir orbital station a Soviet-Afghan crew comprising the cosmonauts V A Lyakhov, V V Polyakov and A A Momand (Afghanistan) to conduct joint research and experiments with the cosmonauts V G Titov and M K Manarov. Returned Manarov, Titov (Soyuz TM-4), Chretien (Soyuz TM-7) to Earth. Initial orbit 195 X 228 km at 51. 57 deg. Maneuvered to a 235 x 259 km orbit, then docked with Mir at 05:41 GMT on 31 August at its 339 x 366 km orbit. Moved from aft to forward port 8 Sept 88. Undocked 03:33 GMT 21 December 1989. Revised software installed as a result of TM-5 abort overloaded computer. Landing planned for 06:48 aborted. Backup program used. Orbital Module retained through retrofire. Recovered December 21, 1988 09:57 GMT. Landed 180 km SE Dzhezkazgan.

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  Soyuz pad 1 Credit: © Mark Wade. 16,604 bytes. 198 x 287 pixels.

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• Progress 38 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 146. Mass: 7,027 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. During launch first test of Buran ejection seat was made during ascent to orbit. The K-36M.11F35 seat was installed in an 'experimental droppable compartment' installed in place of the Launch Escape Tower engine on top of the shroud. Rendezvous orbits 186 X 246 km, 51. 63 deg; 234 X 332 km, 337 X 363 km. Docked with Mir on 12 Sep 1988 01:22:28 GMT. Delivered 2,000 kg supplies including 300 kg of food. Refuelled Mir. Undocked on 23 Nov 1988 12:12:46 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 23 Nov 1988 19:06:58 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.36 days. Total docked time 72.45 days.

• Yantar-4KS1 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1.

• Soyuz TM-7 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 57. Mass: 7,000 kg.

  Mir Expedition EO-04. Carried Alexander Volkov, Sergei Krikalev, Jean-Loup Chretien to Mir; returned Volkov, Krikalev to Earth. Initial Orbit: 194 X 235 km. Thereafter maneuvered to rendezvous orbit 256 X 291 km before docking with Mir in 337 X 369 km at 17:16 GMT 28 November.

• Progress 39 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 147. Mass: 7,015 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Made second test of Buran ejection seat during ascent to orbit. The K-36M.11F35 seat was installed in an 'experimental droppable compartment' installed in place of the Launch Escape Tower engine on top of the shroud. Rendezvous orbits 187 X 237 km, 51.63 deg; 236 X 338 km; 325 X 353 km at Mir. Delivered 1,300 kg cargo. Docked with Mir on 27 Dec 1988 05:35:10 GMT. Undocked on 7 Feb 1989 06:45:34 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 7 Feb 1989 13:49:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.35 days. Total docked time 42.05 days.

• Progress 40 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 148. Mass: 7,022 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Conducted third test of Buran ejection seat during ascent to orbit. The K-36M.11F35 seat was installed in an 'experimental droppable compartment' installed in place of the Launch Escape Tower engine on top of the shroud. Docked with Mir on 12 Feb 1989 10:29:38 GMT. Undocked on 3 Mar 1989 01:45:52 GMT. Unfurled experimental space mirror petal structure on undocking. Destroyed in reentry on 5 Mar 1989 01:59:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 4.08 days. Total docked time 18.64 days.

• Progress 41 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 149. Mass: 6,995 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Conducted fourth test of Buran ejection seat during ascent to orbit. The K-36M.11F35 seat was installed in an 'experimental droppable compartment' installed in place of the Launch Escape Tower engine on top of the shroud. Delivered Bulgarian Spektr 256 spectrometer, power supplies for failed equipment. Docked with Mir on 18 Mar 1989 20:50:46 GMT. Between April 9 and 17 boosted Mir into a 373 X 416 km storage orbit after the decision was made to delay remanning the station. However these maneuvers resulted in the spacecraft running out of fuel. Undocked on 21 Apr 1989 01:46:15 GMT. Destroyed in uncontrolled decay of orbit on 25 Apr 1989 12:12:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 6.52 days. Total docked time 33.21 days.

• Cosmos 2007 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• Cosmos 2031 Spacecraft: Orlets-1. Payload: Orlets-1 no. 1. Mass: 6,500 kg.

  First launch of Orlets-1 long duration film return military reconnaissance satellite. After returning multiple film capsules, the spacecraft was deorbited.

• Progress M-1 Spacecraft: Progress M. Payload: Progress M s/n 201. Mass: 7,270 kg.

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  Soyuz LV Credit: NASA. 42,874 bytes. 443 x 447 pixels.

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  Unmanned supply vehicle to Mir; first flight of new vehicle design. Tested on-board systems under different conditions and delivered expendable materials and sundry cargo to the Mir manned space station. Docked with Mir on 25 Aug 1989 05:19:02 GMT. Undocked on 1 Dec 1989 09:02:23 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 1 Dec 1989 11:21:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.19 days. Total docked time 98.16 days.

• Soyuz TM-8 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 58. Mass: 7,150 kg.

  Manned two crew. Mir Expedition EO-05. Docked with Mir 8 September. Transported to the Mir orbital station a team consisting of A S Viktorenko, commander of the spacecraft, and A A Serebrov, on-board engineer, to carry out scientific and technological research and experiments. Flight cost 80 million rubles. Expected return 25 million rubles net profit.

• Cosmos 2049 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• Progress M-2 Spacecraft: Progress M. Payload: Progress M s/n 202. Mass: 7,300 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir; carried US microgravity payload. Delivered various cargoes to the Mir orbital station, including scientific apparatus produced in the United States of America and intended, pursuant to a commercial agreement, for the conduct of experiments on space biotechnology. Docked with Mir on 22 Dec 1989 05:41:21 GMT. Undocked on 9 Feb 1990 02:33:07 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 9 Feb 1990 07:56:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.31 days. Total docked time 48.87 days.

• Soyuz TM-9 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 60. Mass: 7,150 kg.

  Manned two crew. Mir Expedition EO-06. Docked with Mir. Transported to the Mir orbital station a crew comprising the cosmonauts A Y Solovyov and A N Balandin to conduct an extensive programme of geophysical and astrophysical research, experiments on biology and biotechnology and work on space materials science. Recovered August 9, 1990 07:35 GMT. Landed 70 km from Arkalyk at 50 deg 51'E 67 deg 17' N.

• Progress M-3 Spacecraft: Progress M. Payload: Progress M s/n 203. Mass: 7,249 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir on 3 Mar 1990 01:04:32 GMT. Undocked on 27 Apr 1990 20:24:43 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 28 Apr 1990 00:52:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.26 days. Total docked time 55.81 days.

• Cosmos 2072 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• Progress 42 Spacecraft: Progress. Payload: Progress s/n 150. Mass: 7,011 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir; last of original design Progress spacecraft. Conducted fifth and final test of Buran ejection seat during ascent to orbit. The K-36M.11F35 seat was installed in an 'experimental droppable compartment' installed in place of the Launch Escape Tower engine on top of the shroud. Docked with Mir on 7 May 1990 22:45:03 GMT. Undocked on 27 May 1990 07:08:58 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 27 May 1990 12:27:30 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.31 days. Total docked time 19.35 days.

• Soyuz TM-10 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 61A. Mass: 7,150 kg.

  Manned two crew. Docked with Mir. Mir Expedition EO-07. Transported to the Mir manned orbital station the crew consisting of the cosmonauts G M Manakov and G M Strekalov for the purpose of carrying out a programme of geophysical and astrophysical research, biological and biotechnological experiments, and work on space-materials science. Recovered December 10, 1990 06:08 GMT. Landed 69 km NW Arkalyk.

• Progress M-4 Spacecraft: Progress M. Payload: Progress M s/n 204. Mass: 7,294 kg.

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  Soyuz Shrouds - Comparison of payload shroud and launch escape system development over the life of the Soyuz/Salyut/Mir program. Credit: © Mark Wade. 13,942 bytes. 640 x 480 pixels.

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  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Delivered cables for rewiring operations and equipment for Soyuz TM-11 Japanese journalist flight. Docked with Mir on 17 Aug 1990 05:26:13 GMT. Undocked on 17 Sep 1990 12:42:43 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 20 Sep 1990 11:42:49 GMT. Total free-flight time 5.02 days. Total docked time 31.30 days.

• Progress M-5 Spacecraft: Progress M. Payload: Progress M s/n 206. Mass: 7,320 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Included first Progress recoverable capsule for return of 150 kg of payload to earth. Docked with Mir on 29 Sep 1990 12:26:50 GMT. Undocked on 28 Nov 1990 06:15:46 GMT. After deorbit burn, capsule separated for reentry with an expected landing in Kazakhstan at 28 Nov 1990 11:04:05 GMT. However the recoverable capsule's beacon signal was never received after reentry. All experimental data and materials in capsule lost. Total free-flight time 2.28 days. Total docked time 59.74 days.

• VBK Raduga Spacecraft: Progress M.

• Cosmos 2101 Spacecraft: Orlets-1. Payload: Orlets-1 no. 2. Mass: 6,700 kg.

  Long duration film return military reconnaissance satellite. After returning multiple film capsules, the spacecraft was deorbited.

• Soyuz TM-11 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 61. Mass: 7,150 kg.

  Docked with Mir. Mir Expedition EO-08. Transported to the Mir manned orbital station the international crew consisting of the cosmonauts V M Afanasyev, M Kh Manarov, and T Akiyami (Japan) for the purpose of carrying out joint work with the cosmonauts G M Manakov and G M Strekalov. Launched jointly with the private Japanese company TBS. The Japanese television network ended up paying $ 28 million for the first commercial flight to Mir to put Akiyama, the first journalist in space aboard Soyuz TM-11. Akiyama made daily television broadcasts.

• Cosmos 2113 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• Progress M-6 Spacecraft: Progress M. Payload: Progress M s/n 205. Mass: 7,125 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Delivered new life support equipment to replace life-expired equipment aboard. Docked with Mir on 16 Jan 1991 16:35:25 GMT. Undocked on 15 Mar 1991 12:46:41 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 15 Mar 1991 18:07:26 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.30 days. Total docked time 57.84 days.

• Progress M-7 Spacecraft: Progress M. Payload: Progress M s/n 208. Mass: 7,307 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Attempted to dock with Mir on 21 March 1998 14:28 GMT, but missed the station by 500 m. Docking attempted again on 23 March but at 50 meters the docking was aborted; the Progress missed hitting the station by five meters. Thereafter it was placed in a station-keeping co-orbit with Mir while the problem was diagnosed. Finally docked with Mir on 28 Mar 1991 12:02:28 GMT. On 12 and 14 Apr 1998 two burns of the engine of Progress M-7 raised the station's orbit from a 360 x 377 km orbit to a 370 x 382 km orbit. Undocked on 6 May 1991 22:59:36 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 7 May 1991 17:20:05 GMT. Total free-flight time 9.72 days. Total docked time 39.46 days.

• VBK Raduga Spacecraft: Progress M.

• Soyuz TM-12 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 62. Mass: 7,150 kg.

  Docked with Mir. Mir Expedition EO-09. Carried Anatoli Artsebarski, Sergei Krikalev, Helen Sharman to Mir; returned Artsebarski, crew of Soyuz TM 8 to Earth. Second commercial flight with paying British passenger. Sponsoring British consortium was not quite able to come up with money, however. Flight continued at Soviet expense with very limited UK experiments.

• Naduvaniy gazovoy ballon Payload: Balloon subsatellite.

• Progress M-8 Spacecraft: Progress M. Payload: Progress M s/n 207. Mass: 7,296 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir on 1 Jun 1991 09:44:37 GMT. Undocked on 15 Aug 1991 22:16:59 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 16 Aug 1991 06:56:32 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.43 days. Total docked time 75.52 days.

• Cosmos 2153 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• VBK Raduga Spacecraft: Progress M.

• Progress M-9 Spacecraft: Progress M. Payload: Progress M s/n 210. Mass: 7,311 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir; carried reentry capsule for return of 150 kg of experiment results. Docked with Mir on 23 Aug 1991 00:54:17 GMT. Undocked on 30 Sep 1991 01:53:00 GMT. 350 kg return capsule detached from the Propess' orbital module at an altitude of 110 to 130 km. The capsule underwent a ballistic descent to 15 km, followed by a parachute descent from there to surface. The capsule's beacon began transmitting at 4.5 km. Landed in Kazakhstan on 30 Sep 1991 08:16:24 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.35 days. Total docked time 38.04 days.

• Soyuz TM-13 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 63. Mass: 7,150 kg.

  Manned three crew. Docked with Mir. Mir Expedition EO-10. Transported to the Mir manned orbital station an international crew comprising the cosmonauts A Volkov (USSR), T Aubakirov (USSR) and F. Viehbock (Austria), to conduct joint scientific and technical research with the cosmonauts A. Artsebarsky and S Krikalev. Austria paid $ 7 million for mission. Kazakh cosmonaut added at last minute. On March 25, Volkov, Krikalyov and Flade undocked from the front port in Soyuz TM-13 and landed in Kazakhstan at 08:51 GMT on March 25.

• Cosmos 2163 Spacecraft: Orlets-1. Payload: Orlets-1 no. 3. Mass: 6,500 kg.

  Long duration film return military reconnaissance satellite. After returning multiple film capsules, the spacecraft was deorbited.

• Progress M-10 Spacecraft: Progress M. Payload: Progress M s/n 211. Mass: 7,306 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. First attempted to dock with Mir on 19 October 1991. The docking was automatically aborted at a distance of 150 m from the station. Successfully docked with the forward port of Mir on on 21 Oct 1991 03:40:50 GMT. Unloading began next day. Undocked on 20 Jan 1992 07:13:44 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 20 Jan 1992 12:03:30 GMT. Total free-flight time 4.35 days. Total docked time 91.15 days.

• VBK Raduga Spacecraft: Progress M.

• Progress M-11 Spacecraft: Progress M. Payload: Progress M s/n 212. Mass: 7,320 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir on 27 Jan 1992 09:30:43 GMT. Undocked on 13 Mar 1992 08:43:40 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 13 Mar 1992 15:47:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.36 days. Total docked time 45.97 days.

• Soyuz TM-14 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 64. Mass: 7,150 kg.

  Mir Expedition EO-11. Joint flight with Germany. Docked at the Kvant rear port at 12:33 GMT on March 19. The Soyuz TM-14 crew, Aleksandr Viktorenko and Aleksandr Kaleri, returned to Earth together with French astronaut Michel Tognini. The Soyuz TM-14 undocked from Mir at 21:47 GMT on Aug 9, and landed in Kazakhstan at 01:07 GMT on August 10.

• Cosmos 2183 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• VBK Raduga Spacecraft: Progress M.

• Progress M-12 Spacecraft: Progress M. Payload: Progress M s/n 213. Mass: 7,320 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir on 21 Apr 1992 23:21:59 GMT. Undocked on 27 Jun 1992 21:34:44 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 28 Jun 1992 00:02:51 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.18 days. Total docked time 66.93 days.

• Progress M-13 Spacecraft: Progress M. Payload: Progress M s/n 214. Mass: 7,320 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. An initial docking attempt on 2 Jul 1992 was a failure. Docked with Mir on 4 Jul 1992 16:55:13 GMT. Undocked on 24 Jul 1992 04:14:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 24 Jul 1992 08:03:35 GMT. Total free-flight time 4.17 days. Total docked time 19.47 days. It was docked to Mir for only a few weeks, since on 26 Jul the Soyuz TM-15 was to be launched with a replacement crew and would need to use the same docking port.

• Soyuz TM-15 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 65. Mass: 7,150 kg.

  Mir Expedition EO-12. Russian astronauts Solovyov and Avdeev and French astronaut Tognini were inserted into an initial 190 x 200 km orbit inclined 51.6 deg. Later on July 27 they maneuvered to a 223 x 343 km orbit, and on July 28 docked with Mir in its 405 x 410 km orbit. Aleksandr Solovyov and Sergey Avdeev undocked from the Mir complex aboard Soyuz TM-15 on February 1 and landed the same day in Kazakhstan after six months in space at 03:58 GMT. Soyuz TM-15's flight was an in-orbit record for a Soyuz spaceship - 188 days 21 h 39 m.

• Progress M-14 Spacecraft: Progress M. Payload: Progress M s/n 209. Mass: 7,176 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Progress M-38 was specially modified to carry the first VDU (Vynosnaya Dvigatel'naya Ustanovka, External Engine Unit) propulsion unit. The VDU was mounted externally on a special structure between the cargo module and the service module, replacing the OKD fuel section present on normal Progress vehicles. The crew spacewalked to extract the VDU from Progress and place it on the end of the Sofora boom extending from the Kvant module. The VDU was used to provide attitude control capability for the Mir station. Docked with Mir on 18 Aug 1992 00:20:48 GMT. Undocked on 21 Oct 1992 16:46:01 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 21 Oct 1992 23:12:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.35 days. Total docked time 64.68 days.

• VBK Raduga Spacecraft: Progress M.

• Znamya-2 Payload: Znamya-2.

  Reflector mirror, deployed from Progress M-15 after separation from Mir space station.

• Progress M-15 Spacecraft: Progress M. Payload: Progress M s/n 215. Mass: 7,250 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir on 29 Oct 1992 19:05:51 GMT. Undocked on 4 Feb 1993 00:44:53 GMT. After completion of the Znamya and autonomous operation experiments, destroyed in reentry on 7 Feb 1993 06:43:20 GMT. Total free-flight time 5.32 days. Total docked time 97.24 days.

• Mak 2 Spacecraft: Mak. Payload: Mak.

  Deployed from MIR on 11/20/92. Launched from Mir airlock. Conduct of experiments to study physical processes in the Earth's ionosphere. Small satellite launched from the Mir station.

• Cosmos 2223 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• Cosmos 2225 Spacecraft: Orlets-1. Payload: Orlets-1 no. 4. Mass: 6,500 kg.

  Long duration film return military reconnaissance satellite. After returning multiple film capsules, the spacecraft was deorbited.

• Soyuz TM-16 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 101. Mass: 7,150 kg.

  Manned two crew. Mir Expedition EO-13. Transported to the Mir manned orbital station a crew of the thirteenth main expedition comprising the cosmonauts G M Manakov and A F Poleschuk.The Soyuz carried the APAS androgynous docking system instead of the usual probe system. Soyuz TM-16 landed at 06:42 GMT on July 22.

• Progress M-16 Spacecraft: Progress M. Payload: Progress M s/n 216. Mass: 7,338 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir on 23 Feb 1993 20:17:57 GMT. Undocked on 26 Mar 1993 06:50:00 GMT. Redocked with Mir on 1993-03-26 07:06:03 GMT. Final undocking on 1993-03-27 04:21:00 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 27 Mar 1993 10:25:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.33 days. Total docked time 31.32 days.

• Progress M-17 Spacecraft: Progress M. Payload: Progress M s/n 217. Mass: 7,250 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Conducted docked and undocked longevity spacecraft longevity tests. Docked with Mir on 1 Apr 1993 05:16:18 GMT. Undocked on 11 Aug 1993 15:36:42 GMT. Destroyed in reentry over the South Atlantic on 3 Mar 1994 03:28:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 204.56 days. Total docked time 132.43 days.

• Progress M-18 Spacecraft: Progress M. Payload: Progress M s/n 218. Mass: 7,348 kg.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Last launch using Soyuz-U2 launch vehicle. Docked with Mir's front port on 24 May 1993 08:24:44 GMT. In addition to other supplies, carried repair equipment for a spacewalk device damaged a month before. Undocked on 3 Jul 1993 15:58:16 GMT, with Soyuz TM-17 docking at the same port only minutes later at 17:45 GMT. Meanwhile, Progress M-17 remained docked to the Kvant rear port on a longevity test. Progress M-18 was destroyed in reentry on 4 Jul 1993 17:13:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 3.12 days. Total docked time 40.31 days.

• VBK Raduga Spacecraft: Progress M.

• Soyuz TM-17 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 66. Mass: 7,150 kg.

  Mir Expedition EO-14. Carried Vasili Tsibliyev, Alexander Serebrov, Jean-Pierre Haignere to Mir; returned Serebrov, Tsibliyev to Earth. Progress M-18 undocked from Mir's front port at around 17:25 GMT on July 3, and Soyuz TM-17 docked at the same port only 20 minutes later at 17:45 GMT. The EO-14 crew landed at 08:18 GMT on Jan 14 in the Soyuz TM-17 spaceship. The EO-14 expedition lasted 196 days 18hr 45 m, the 7th longest spaceflight.

• Cosmos 2262 Spacecraft: Orlets-1. Payload: Orlets-1 no. 5. Mass: 6,500 kg.

  Long duration film return military reconnaissance satellite. After returning multiple film capsules, the spacecraft was deorbited. First launch that demonstrated doubled operational life.

• Cosmos 2267 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• Soyuz TM-18 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 67. Mass: 7,150 kg.

  Mir Expedition EO-15. Docked at the Kvant module on January 10 at 11:15 GMT. Transported to the Mir orbital station of a crew comprising the cosmonauts V M Afanasev, Y V Usachev, and V V Polyakov for the fifteenth main expedition. The Soyuz TM-18 descent module landed 110 km north of Arkalyk in Kazakhstan at 10:32:35 GMT on July 9.

• Cosmos 2280 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• Soyuz TM-19 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 68. Mass: 7,150 kg.

  Mir Expedition EO-16. Soyuz TM-19 docked at the rear port of the Kvant module (vacated by Progress M-23 on July 2) at 13:55:01 GMT on July 3. Soyuz TM-19 undocked from Mir at 07:29 GMT on November 4. The Soyuz instrument module (PAO, priborno-agregatniy otsek) fired its deorbit engine, and was jettisoned together with the orbital module (BO, bitovoy otsek) at 10:51 GMT, with entry interface for the descent module (SA, spuskaemiy apparat) at 10:54. It landed 170 km north-east of Arkalyk in Kazakhstan on 1994 November 4 at 11:18 GMT.

• Soyuz TM-20 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 69. Mass: 7,150 kg.

  Mir Expedition EO-17. Docked at the Mir forward port at 00:28 on 1994 October 6. The Mir crew of Viktorenko, Kondakova and Polyakov boarded Soyuz TM-20 on January 11, and undocked from Mir's front port at 09:00 GMT. The spacecraft withdrew to about two hundred metres from Mir and then redocked in a test of the automatic Kurs system, which had failed in Progress M-24's attempted docking. Redocking came at 09:25 GMT. Soyuz TM-20 landed 22 km northeast of Arkalyk in Kazakhstan at 04:04 GMT on March 22, 1995.

• Cosmos 2305 Spacecraft: Yantar-4KS1. Mass: 6,600 kg.

  Photo/digital surveillance.

• Soyuz TM-21 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 70. Mass: 7,150 kg.

  Mir Expedition EO-18. Soyuz TM-21 carried the EO-18 Mir crew and American Norman Thagard. Thagard was the first American to be launched in a Soyuz. Soyuz docked with Mir at 07:45:26 GMT on March 16 . On July 4 Soyuz TM-21 undocked and backed off to a distance of 100 m from Mir. The US space shuttle Atlantis, with the EO-18 crew aboard, then undocked and began a flyaround at a distance of 210 m, while the EO-19 crew aboard Soyuz took pictures before redocking with the station. Soyuz TM-21 again undocked with the EO-19 crew on September 11 from the Kvant rear port on Mir and landed at 50 deg 41'N 68 deg 15'E, 108 km northeast of Arkalyk in Kazakhstan, at 06:52:40 GMT . Additional Details: Soyuz TM-21.

• Soyuz TM-22 Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Payload: Soyuz TM 11F732 s/n 71. Mass: 7,150 kg.

  Mir Expedition EO-20. Crew commander was Yuriy Pavlovich Gidzenko of the Russian Air Force. Flight engineer was Sergey Vasilyevich Avdeev of RKK Energiya, and cosmonaut-researcher was Thomas Reiter of the European Space Agency. Soyuz TM-22 docked with Mir's front (-X) port at 10:29:54 GMT on September 5 and the hatch was opened at 11:01:23. On February 29 the crew undocked from Mir in Soyuz TM-22, and at 10:42 GMT they landed in Kazakhstan.

• Soyuz 11A511U2 booster abandoned due to Sintin production stoppage

  Soyuz 11A511U2 used synthetic kerosene ('Sintin') in the first stage for launch of premium reconnaisance satellite and manned payloads requiring just a bit more payload than the standard 11A511.

• 89 - Semenov, Yu. P., S P Korolev Space Corporation Energia, RKK Energia, 1994.