Ariane 44L - Credit: Arianespace. 22,028 bytes. 291 x 482 pixels.

Ariane 4 with 4 liquid rocket strap-ons.

Launches: 29. Failures: 1. Success Rate: 96.55% pct. First Launch Date: 05 June 1989. Last Launch Date: 22 December 1999. LEO Payload: 10,200 kg. to: 200 km Orbit. at: 5.2 degrees. Payload: 4,790 kg. to a: Geosynchronous transfer, 7 deg inclination trajectory. Liftoff Thrust: 549,640 kgf. Total Mass: 470,000 kg. Core Diameter: 3.8 m. Total Length: 58.4 m. Launch Price $: 125.00 million. in 2000 price dollars.

• Stage Number: 0. 4 x Ariane 4L Gross Mass: 43,772 kg. Empty Mass: 4,493 kg. Thrust (vac): 76,683 kgf. Isp: 278 sec. Burn time: 142 sec. Isp(sl): 248 sec. Diameter: 2.2 m. Span: 2.2 m. Length: 19.0 m. Propellants: N2O4/UDMH No Engines: 1. Viking 5C

• Stage Number: 1. 1 x Ariane 4-1 Gross Mass: 245,900 kg. Empty Mass: 17,900 kg. Thrust (vac): 309,400 kgf. Isp: 278 sec. Burn time: 205 sec. Isp(sl): 248 sec. Diameter: 3.8 m. Span: 8.3 m. Length: 23.6 m. Propellants: N2O4/UDMH No Engines: 4. Viking 2B

• Stage Number: 2. 1 x Ariane 2-2 Gross Mass: 37,130 kg. Empty Mass: 3,625 kg. Thrust (vac): 82,087 kgf. Isp: 296 sec. Burn time: 125 sec. Isp(sl): 210 sec. Diameter: 2.6 m. Span: 2.6 m. Length: 11.5 m. Propellants: N2O4/UDMH No Engines: 1. Viking 4B

• Stage Number: 3. 1 x Ariane 4-3 Gross Mass: 12,310 kg. Empty Mass: 1,570 kg. Thrust (vac): 6,394 kgf. Isp: 446 sec. Burn time: 759 sec. Isp(sl): 0 sec. Diameter: 2.7 m. Span: 2.7 m. Length: 11.9 m. Propellants: Lox/LH2 No Engines: 1. HM7-B

• DFS 1 Spacecraft: Spacebus 100. Payload: Kopernikus 1. Mass: 1,416 kg.

  Multipurpose communications; 23.5 deg E. Communications satellite, position 23.5E, Ariane 4 flight no 20.

• Superbird A Spacecraft: FS-1300. Payload: Superbird A / DFS-Kopernikus 1. Mass: 2,489 kg.

  Japanese domestic business communications; 158 deg E.

• Intelsat 6A F-2 Spacecraft: HS 393. Payload: Intelsat 602. Mass: 4,215 kg.

  Stationed at 24.5 deg E. At the time, the Intelsat 6 series were the largest commercial spacecraft ever built. The series were also the first commercial satellites to employ Satellite Switched/Time Division Multiple Access (SS/TDMA) techniques. Spacecraft: Based on Hughes 393 bus. Spin stabilised with despun antenna. Hydrazine propulsion system. Passive thermal control. Telescoping dual-cylinder structure with deployed antennas. Body mounted solar cells generate 2250 W (EOL). Solar drums are each about 6m tall. Payload: 38 (plus 12 backup) C-Band and 10 (plus 4 backup) Ku-Band transponders.120,000 telephone calls and 3 colour TV broadcasts simultaneously. SS/TDMA (Satellite-Switched Time Division Multiple Access) techniques used.

• BS 2X Spacecraft: HS 376. Payload: BS 2X.

• Superbird B Spacecraft: FS-1300.

  Launched with BS-2X. Targeted for Geosynch orbit.

• DFS 2 Spacecraft: Spacebus 100. Payload: Kopernikus 2. Mass: 1,418 kg.

  West German DBS; 28.5 deg E. Communications satellite, position 28.5E Ariane 4 flight no 37.

• TDF 2 Spacecraft: Spacebus 300. Mass: 2,096 kg.

  French DBS; 19 deg W. Direct broadcasting satellite. Registration 1990-2-B.

• Galaxy 6 Spacecraft: HS 376. Payload: Westar 6S. Mass: 1,212 kg.

  Geostationary at 99 deg W. Spacecraft engaged in research and exploration of the upper atmosphere or outer space (US Cat B).

• SBS 6 Spacecraft: HS 376. Mass: 2,478 kg.

  Stationed at 99 deg W. Spacecraft engaged in research and exploration of the upper atmosphere or outer space (US Cat B).

• Italsat 1 Spacecraft: Italsat. Mass: 1,865 kg.

  Experimental commsat; 13.2 deg E. ITALSAT is a body stabilized geostationary satellite and it is proposed to provide pre-operational domestic telecommunications services on the 20/30 GHz bands. Geographic longitude 13.2 deg E. Longitudinal tolerance +/- 0.1 deg.

• Eutelsat II F2 Spacecraft: Spacebus 100. Mass: 1,878 kg.

  Stationed at 10 deg E. Telecommunications satellite. Registered by France in ST/SG/SER.E/234 and 239 until EUTELSAT can register the satellite. EUTELSAT is the European Telecommunications Satellite Organization.

• Intelsat 6 F-5 Spacecraft: HS 393. Payload: Intelsat 605. Mass: 4,296 kg.

  International communications; 14.5 deg W.

• Intelsat 6A F-1 Spacecraft: HS 393. Payload: Intelsat 601. Mass: 4,330 kg.

  International communications; 27.5 deg W.

• Telecom 2A Spacecraft: Eurostar 2000. Mass: 2,275 kg.

  French communications; 3 deg E.

• Inmarsat 2 F3 Spacecraft: Eurostar 1000. Mass: 1,310 kg.

  Global maritime and mobile communications; 178 deg E.

• Superbird B1 Spacecraft: FS-1300. Mass: 2,560 kg.

  Stationed at 162 deg E. Domestic communications. Launching organization Arianespace. Launch time 2358 GMT.

• Arabsat 1C Spacecraft: Spacebus 100. Mass: 1,310 kg.

  Stationed at 31 deg E.

• Inmarsat 2 F4 Spacecraft: Eurostar 1000. Mass: 1,385 kg.

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  Ariane 44L Credit: © Mark Wade. 2,670 bytes. 78 x 609 pixels.

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  Stationed at 55 deg W.

• Telecom 2B Spacecraft: Eurostar 2000. Mass: 2,200 kg.

  Stationed at 3 deg E.

• Eutelsat II F4 Spacecraft: Spacebus 100. Mass: 1,877 kg.

  Stationed at 7 deg E.

• Insat-2A Spacecraft: Insat 2. Payload: Insat 2A. Mass: 1,900 kg.

  Stationed at 74 deg E; also performed communications functions. INSAT-2A is a multi-purpose satellite, and it will provide the following services: Domestic long-distance telecommunications, meteorological earth observation and data collection services, direct satellite TV broadcasting to community TV receivers in rura l and remote areas, radio and TV progamme distribution, and Satellite Aided Search and Rescue services. Geostationary longitude 74 +/0 0.1 deg E.

• Hispasat-1B Spacecraft: Eurostar 2000. Mass: 2,120 kg.

  Stationed at 30 deg W.

• Insat-2B Spacecraft: Insat 2. Payload: Insat 2B. Mass: 1,931 kg.

  Stationed at 93.5 deg E; also acted as communications platform; carried search and rescue package. INSAT-2B is a multi-purpose satellite, and it will provide the following services: Domestic long range communications, meteorological Earth observation and data collection service, Direct satellite TV broadcasting to community TV recievers in rural and re mote areas, Radio and TV programme distribution, satellite aided search and rescue services. Inclination will be reduced to 0.1 deg and maintained. Geostationary longitude 93.5 +/- 0.1 deg E. Launch on Arianespace flight 58.

• DBS 1 Spacecraft: HS 601. Mass: 2,860 kg.

  Stationed at 101.2 deg W. DirecTV, Inc. is a subsidiary of Hughes Communications and offers commercial satellite television service to the US. The orbital part of the system consists of 3 Hughes-built geosynchronous satellites. Broadcast services began in mid-1994. Competitors include the similar Primestar and USSB services, as well as older C-band satellite services and cable TV companies. Spacecraft: DirecTV uses the Hughes HS-601 spacecraft design.3-Axis stabilised, zero momentum biased control system. Two solar arrays (4 panels each side) span 31 meters and generate 4.3 kW power. Payload: The 2.5 m diameter graphite transmit reflector performs beam shaping.16 x 120 watt Ka-Band (12.2 - 12.7 GHz) transponders with 48-53 dBw EIRP and 24 MHz bandwidth. Power is higher in areas with heavy rain. The high power combined with Reed Solomon error correction coding allow the use of small 18 inch antennas by customers.
  Financial/Operational:
  FCC approved Direct Broadcast Satellites in 1986. By 1997 DirecTV had 2.6 million of 5.0 million US direct broadcast television subscribers. Direct Broadcast Satellites cost $ 175 million each and have 150 video channels.

• Thaicom Spacecraft: HS 376. Mass: 1,080 kg.

• Yuri 3N Spacecraft: AS 3000. Payload: BS-3N. Mass: 1,210 kg.

  Stationed at 109.67 deg E.

• Panamsat 2 Spacecraft: HS 601. Payload: PAS K1. Mass: 2,290 kg.

  Stationed at 168.97 deg E.

• Solidaridad 2 Spacecraft: HS 601. Mass: 2,776 kg.

  18 C-Band transponders. Stationed at 113.06 deg W.

• Thaicom 2 Spacecraft: HS 376. Mass: 1,080 kg.

  10 C-band, 2 Ku-band transponders. Stationed at 78.42 deg E.

• Telecom 2C Spacecraft: Eurostar 2000. Mass: 2,283 kg.

  Stationed at 1.1 deg E.

• Insat 2C Spacecraft: Insat 2. Mass: 2,050 kg.

  24 transponders. Stationed at 92.5 deg E.

• Measat 1 Spacecraft: HS 376. Mass: 1,450 kg.

  Geostationary at 91.4E.

• Panamsat 3R Spacecraft: HS 601. Payload: PAS K4. Mass: 2,900 kg.

  Geostationary at 43.0W.

• Palapa C2 Spacecraft: HS 601.

  34 transponders; Geostationary at 113.0E.

• AMOS Spacecraft: AMOS. Payload: AMOS 1. Mass: 996 kg.

  7 Ku-band transponders Geostationary at 4.1W.

• Turksat 1C Spacecraft: Spacebus 2000. Mass: 2,100 kg.

  Geostationary at 26.0E.

• Arabsat 2A Spacecraft: Spacebus 3000.

  22 Ku band and 12 C band transponders.

• Telecom 2D Spacecraft: Eurostar 2000.

• Italsat F2 Spacecraft: Italsat.

• Measat 2 Spacecraft: HS 376.

  Geostationary at 148.0E.

• Arabsat 2B Spacecraft: Spacebus 3000.

  Geostationary at 21.9E.

• GE 2 Spacecraft: AS 2100.

  Geosynchronous. Stationed over 84.9W

• Nahuel 1A Spacecraft: Spacebus 2000.

  Geosynchronous. Stationed over 71.8W

• Insat 2D Spacecraft: Insat 2.

  Geosynchronous. Stationed over 74.1E

• Inmarsat 3 F4 Spacecraft: AS 4000. Mass: 1,021 kg.

  Geosynchronous. Stationed over 54.0W

• Sirius 2 Spacecraft: Spacebus 3000.

  Geosynchronous. Stationed over 4.8E

• Cakrawarta 1 Spacecraft: Starbus. Payload: Indostar 1.

  Geosynchronous. Stationed over 100.6E

• Sirius 3 Spacecraft: HS 376. Payload: Sirius 3.

  Geostationary at 23.5 degrees E.

• Eutelsat W2 Spacecraft: Spacebus 3000. Payload: Eutelsat W2.

  Geostationary at 16.0 degrees E.

• GE 5 Spacecraft: Eurostar 2000. Mass: 1,720 kg.

  Satellite was originally built as a backup for Argentina's Nahuelsat. This allowed Dornier and Alcatel to deliver the satellite in a record twelve months. Dry mass of GE 5 was 769 kg - it carried 950 kg of propellant at launch. Geostationary at 36.4 degrees W.

• Afristar Spacecraft: Eurostar 2000.

  Afristar was the first WorldSpace satellite. Afristar was to broadcast digital radio over Africa and the Middle East. Small hand-held radios could pick up the 24 to 96 radio channels available on the three L-band beams. Dry mass of Afristar was 1205 kg; it carried 1534 kg of propellant at launch. Geostationary at 21.0 degrees E.

• Skynet 4E Spacecraft: ECS/OTS. Mass: 1,490 kg.

  Skynet 4E was a SHF/UHF military communications satellite for the UK Ministry of Defense. Dry mass was 759 kg; it used a Thiokol Star 30 solid apogee motor. Stationed at 53 deg E.

• Arabsat 3A Spacecraft: Spacebus 3000. Mass: 2,708 kg.

  The Arab League satellite had 20 Ku-band transponders and was to be stationed at 26 degrees East. Dry mass was 1200 kg.

• Galaxy 11 Spacecraft: HS 702 .

  First Hughes HS 702 bus satellite, for PanAmSat Corporation to expand video and telecommunications services to North America and Brazil. The 20-watt C-band transponders will be used primarily for cable television customers. The Ku-band payload offers two power levels: 140 watts for video distribution, and 75 watts for data networks and other general communications services. This gives Galaxy 11 a total payload of 64 active transponders.

• 42 - Isakowitz, Steven J,, International Reference to Space Launch Systems Second Edition, AIAA, Washington DC, 1991.
• 61 - Wilson, Andrew, editor,, Jane's/Interavia Space Directory, Jane's Information Group, Coulsdon, Surrey, 1992 et al.