The design was studied by Germany in 1992-1994. Development estimated to cost only DM 50 million, but not proceeded with.

The original Spektr design was to be armed with Oktava interceptor rockets and equipped with sensors to identify and track ballistic missile re-entry vehicles as well as discriminate decoys. In 1992, as directed by the Soviet Union's military and political leadership, all work on such projects was discontinued. The Spektr module was mothballed, then later converted into a civilian platform, partially funded by the United States.

High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission. References: 1 , 2 , 6 , 179 .

Manned seven crew. Carried International Microgravity Laboratory-1. Payloads: International Microgravity Laboratory (lML)-1, getaway special (GAS) bridge with 10 getaway specials, IMAX camera, Gelation of Sols: Applied Microgravity Research (GOSAMR)-1, Investigations Into Polymer Mem-brane Processing (IPMP), Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME)-lll, Student Experiment 81-09: Convection in Zero Gravity, Student Experiment 83-02: Capillary Rise of Liquid Through Granular Porous Media. Additional Details: STS-42. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 .

Covered Oko constellation plane 6 - 119 degree longitude of ascending node. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 100 .

Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir on 27 Jan 1992 09:30:43 GMT. Undocked on 13 Mar 1992 08:43:40 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 13 Mar 1992 15:47:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.36 days. Total docked time 45.97 days. References: 1 , 2 , 6 , 275 .

Glonass navigational satellite. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 67 , 274 .

Glonass navigational satellite. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 67 , 274 .

Glonass navigational satellite. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 67 , 274 .

Japanese Research Satellite-1. JERS-1 (FUYO-1). To verify functions and performance of optical sensors and a Synthetic Aperture Radar and to establish an integrated system for observing the Earth's resources; to perform observations and measurements for land survey, agriculture, forest ry, fishery, environmental preservation, disaster prevention and coastal surveillance. Launch time 0150 GMT. Launching organization NASDA. The Japanese Fuyo-1 (ERS-1) satellite failed on Oct 12, 1998 after six years of operation. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Spacecraft engaged in research and exploration of the upper atmosphere or outer space (US Cat B). Launch vehicle put payload into geosynchronous transfer orbit with GCS trajectory option. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 278 .

Military navigation satellite. Positioned in plane 6 of constellation. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 107 .

Dismantled equipment. References: 66 .

Global Positioning System. Spacecraft engaged in research and exploration of the upper atmosphere or outer space (US Cat B). References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Stationed at 31 deg E. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Stationed at 162 deg E. Domestic communications. Launching organization Arianespace. Launch time 2358 GMT. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio-communications system and transmission of Central Television programmes. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 .

Civilian navigation satellite. Positioned in plane 11 of constellation. Tsikada type spacecraft. Determination of the position of ships of the merchant marine and fishing fleet in the world's oceans and seas as part of the Tsikada space navigation system. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 107 .

Second test against a Minuteman I was considered successful enough that no further tests were planned. Further develoment of the technology was to be accomplished by the Orbital Sciences' Aries test vehicle with spectacularly poor results.

Geostationary at 125 deg W. Spent boosters, spent maneuvering stages, shrouds and other non-functional objects (US Cat D). Launch vehicle put payload into geosynchronous transfer orbit with GCS trajectory option. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 278 .

Mir Expedition EO-11. Joint flight with Germany. Docked at the Kvant rear port at 12:33 GMT on March 19. The Soyuz TM-14 crew, Aleksandr Viktorenko and Aleksandr Kaleri, returned to Earth together with French astronaut Michel Tognini. The Soyuz TM-14 undocked from Mir at 21:47 GMT on Aug 9, and landed in Kazakhstan at 01:07 GMT on August 10. References: 1 , 2 , 6 , 51 .

Manned seven crew. Carried ATLAS-1 experimental package. Payloads: Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS)-1, Shuttle Solar Backscat-ter Ultraviolet (SSBUV)-4, Getaway Special Experiment G-229, Space Tissue Loss (STL)-1, Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME)-lIl, Visual Function Tester (VFT)-lI, Cloud Logic To Opti-mize Use of Defense Systems (CLOUDS)-1A, Investigations Into Polymer Membrane Process-ing (IPMP), Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX)-Il, Ultraviolet Plume Instrument (UVPl). Additional Details: STS-45. References: 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 .