Credit: © Mark Wade. 6,988 bytes. 60 x 430 pixels.
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| Proton 8K82K / 11S86 - Proton 8K82K / 11S86 Block DM launch vehicle - cutaway drawing showing arrangement of N2O4 oxidiser tanks (green) and UDMH fuel tanks (orange) in Proton, and Liquid oxygen (blue) and kerosene (pink) tanks in the Block DM stage. Block DM guidance package is housed in the light brown compartment above the LOX tank. Credit: © Mark Wade. 6,988 bytes. 60 x 430 pixels. |
The original four stage Proton / Block D configuration was used until 1976, at which time it was replaced by a modernised version equipped with N2O4/UDMH verniers for precise placement of payloads in geosynchronous orbit and its own self-contained guidance unit. This was accepted into military service in 1978 with the first Raduga launch. The stage was first developed for launch of gesynchronous military communications and early warning satellites (Raduga, Ekran, Gorizont, Potok, SPRN). Its later versions continue in use for launch of MEO and geosynchronous comsats, and is Russia's most successful commercial launcher.
Launches: 66. Failures: 6. Success Rate: 90.91% pct. First Launch Date: 26 March 1974. Last Launch Date: 21 June 1990. Payload: 1,880 kg. to a: geosynchronous orbital trajectory. Liftoff Thrust: 902,100 kgf. Total Mass: 711,360 kg. Core Diameter: 4.2 m. Total Length: 59.0 m. Launch Price $: 70.00 million. in 1994 price dollars.
Test of Block D stage in geosynchronous satellite delivery role. Placed dummy Raduga satellite in geosynchronous orbit.
Evidently a unique experimental satellite. Arrangements for experimental television broadcasts and establishment of long-range radio-communications.
First launch of new geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. Exploded in orbit.
Statsionar-1. Provision of uninterrupted round-the-clock telephone and telegraph radio-communications system in the USSR, transmission of USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and international cooperation.
Statsionar 1. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
Statsionar T. Transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to the network of public receiving units located in population centres in Siberia and the Far North.
Statsionar-2. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
Statsionar T. Transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to the network of public receiving units located in population centres in Siberia and the Far North.
Failed launch of communications satellite.
Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
 | Universal Rockets - Chelomei's Universal Rocket Family. From left to right: UR-200. Original UR-500 configuration, composed of clustered UR-200's. Conventional UR-500 monoblock configuration. Selected UR-500 polyblock configuration. UR-500 two-stage configuration as flown. UR-500K configuration with Block D upper stage. Credit: © Mark Wade. 36,031 bytes. 630 x 351 pixels. |
Did not achieve geostationary orbit due to malfunction of Block D. Operation of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and transmission of television programmes.
Transmission of color and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use.
Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
Stationed at 14 deg W. Statsionar 4.
Transmission of color and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use.
Stationed at 53 deg E.
Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
Stationed at 14 deg W.
Transmission of color and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use.
Radio, telegraph, TV. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
Transmission of color and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use.
 | Proton sunrise Credit: Lockheed Martin. 6,963 bytes. 181 x 273 pixels. |
Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use.
Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use.
Stationed at 53 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and transmission of television programmes.
Stationed at 80 deg E. Investigation of outer space; experiments in relaying telegraph and telephone information in the centimetre wavelength range.
Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use.
Stationed at 90 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and transmission of television programmes.
Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
 | R-7 vs Proton - R-7 / Proton LVs Cutaway Credit: © Mark Wade. 10,191 bytes. 287 x 720 pixels. |
Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
Stationed at 14 deg W. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and television broadcasting.
Operation of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and transmission of television programmes.
Launch date suspect Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use.
Stationed at 90 deg E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 84 deg. E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes.
Stationed at 79 deg E. Investigation of outer space; experiments in relaying telegraph and telephone information in the centimetre wavelength range.
Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use.
Geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. Stationed at 23 deg W.
Stationed at 53 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 128 deg. E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes.
Stationed at 80 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use.
Stationed at 140 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. Stationed at 335 deg E.
Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use.
Stationed at 45 deg. E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 49 deg. E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 335 deg. E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 13.5 deg W. Continuation of the investigation of outer space; experimental retransmission of telephone and telegraph data in the centimetre band.
Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use.
Stationed at 345 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 36 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 90 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 85 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 140 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use.
Stationed at 346 deg E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use.
Stationed at 90 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes, continuation of work in the context of the 'Intercosmos' programme for the development of new frequency ranges and the creation of long-range systems of space c ommunications jointly with the Byelorussian SSR, GDR, Hungary and Czechoslovakia.