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| YeSSS Unified Satell Unified Satellite Communication System Credit: NASA. 46,548 bytes. 640 x 424 pixels. |
| astronautix.com | Raduga |
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| YeSSS Unified Satell Unified Satellite Communication System Credit: NASA. 46,548 bytes. 640 x 424 pixels. |
Development of the first Soviet geosynchronous satellites began at the end of the 1960's. New operations and communications methods were required. In July 1974 a Proton DM put a Molniya-1 into geosynchronous orbit as a test. This proved methods for the specialised Raduga satellites that were to be stationed at 35 deg and 85 deg E. Construction of the first Raduga was completed in 1975. It was equipped with 2 x 3 barrelled repeaters. The Delta 1 repeater (V I Moguchev, Chief Designer) was for dedicated military communications, while the Delta 2 (M V Brodskiy) was used for national and international civilian communications. A single orbital group of two Radugas could handle all communications of the Soviet eastern regions. Internationally designated Statsionar-1, Raduga represented the first use of the new universal spacecraft bus KAUR-3. The KAUR-3 spacecraft bus was 3-axis stabilised using liquid propellant micro-engines to within 0.25 degrees of the earth's centre. The single-unit body was equipped with solar panels, and active liquid-gas phase-change thermoregulation system, and a corrective engine unit for making orbital adjustments. 25 square metres of solar panels provided 1280 W of power.
Flight trials of Molniya-3 and Raduga continued until 1978, after which they were accepeted into military service. The State Trials Commission was headed by A A Maksimov, succeeded by General N F Shlykov. After the fall of the Soviet Union a price of $ 100 million was quoted for satellite and launch.
Total Mass: 1,954 kg.
Heavily instrumented suborbital flight to provide data to root out causes of continuing launch vehicle failures. Heavy mass model of an unspecified spacecraft used to simulate payload..
Central Committee of the Communist Party and Council of Soviet Ministers Decree 'On use of Molniya and Ekran for a unified satellite communications system' was issued. The YeSSS was defined as the Molniya-2 in elliptical orbit and Raduga (Statsionar) in geosynchronous orbit.
Test of Block D stage in geosynchronous satellite delivery role. Placed dummy Raduga satellite in geosynchronous orbit.
Statsionar-1. Provision of uninterrupted round-the-clock telephone and telegraph radio-communications system in the USSR, transmission of USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and international cooperation.
Statsionar 1. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
Statsionar-2. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
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Radio, telegraph, TV. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.
Operation of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and transmission of television programmes.
Stationed at 84 deg. E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes.
Stationed at 128 deg. E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes.
Stationed at 45 deg. E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 49 deg. E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 335 deg. E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 36 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 85 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 128 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 35 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 336 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 45 deg E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes.
Stationed at 70 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting.
Stationed at 85 deg E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes.
Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and transmission of television programmes.
Telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes.
Telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes.
Stationed at 83 deg E. Operation of telephone and telegraph radio communications and transmission of television programmes.
Stationed at 44 deg E. Operation of telephone and telegraph radio communications and transmission of television programmes.
Stationed at 70 deg E.
Secret military name for Raduga program is Gran'.
Carried a Russian Defence Ministry communications satellite. First attempted flight of the Khrunichev Briz-M upper stage in place of the usual Block DM. After the second stage explosion the remainder of the vehicle survived for 45 seconds before breaking up. Debris landed near Karaganda. As a result of this accident the Kazakh government suspended launches from Baikonur pending Russian agreement to pay back part of rent owed.