Class: Manned. Type: Spaceplane. Nation: Russia. Total Length: 25.0 m. Maximum Diameter: 8.0 m. Description: NPO Energia competitor to Buran. Designed 1974-1976. Shaped body with rudimentary wings and vertical surfaces. Vertical launch, aerodynamic maneuvering to landing field, horizontal landing under parachute. References: 83 , 191 , 193 .
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Last update 11 January 1999. Contact Mark Wade with any corrections, additions, or comments.