ESA ACRV ESA Crew Rescue Vehicle Studies. Credit: ESA via Marcus Lindroos. 49,556 bytes. 640 x 479 pixels.

As Herm�s gradually faded into oblivion, the European Space Agency started to take a closer a look at cheaper and less complicated manned space capsules. An 'Ariane-X' crew rescue capsule was part of the preliminary European space station studies in the late 1980s, and the French and Italian aerospace industry also investigated unmanned concepts such as the 'Carina' version in 1990. 'Carina' was to have a diameter of 4 meters and would be launched on the Ariane-4 rocket. Its main mission was commercial microgravity experiments. The European Space Agency started a six-month Phase 1 'Assured Crew Return Vehicle' study in October 1992. Aerospatiale, Alenia Spazio and Deutsche Aerospace were prime contractors. In June 1993, the European Space Agency announced that a simpler manned space capsule would replace the Herm�s manned spaceplane project.

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Carina - ESA Crew Rescue Vehicle Studies. The CARINA microgravity capsule. Credit: ESA via Marcus Lindroos. 50,359 bytes. 628 x 424 pixels.

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• The favoured ACRVwould have carried a crew of eight astronauts inside a larger version of the old US 'Apollo' capsule from the 1960s. A cylindrical section in front contained rocket engines, power systems and a docking tunnel. It would be jettisoned shortly before the capsule re-entered the Earth's atmosphere. The capsule would land using parachutes and air bags.
• The 'blunt biconic' design was briefly investigated during the follow-on crew rescue/transfer vehicle studies in 1993-94. It would re-enter the atmosphere nose-end first and have better manoeuvrability (lift/drag ratio of 0.55 vs. 0.3 for the ACRV Apollo design) and thus better landing accuracy. But the Blunt Biconic design would also have been heavier and more expensive than the other configurations.
• ESA's conical 'Viking' capsule would have re-entered base-first like the Apollo design, but its aerodynamic shape had a slightly better lift-to-drag ratio of 0.4. 'Viking' was investigated concurrently with the Apollo-derived ACRV capsule during Phase 1 in 1992-93 and definition work continued until March 1995 when the Phase 1 study ended. Viking would use a cylindrical propulsion module derived from the Ariane Transfer Vehicle.

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  ESA CRV - ESA Crew Rescue Vehicle Studies. Apollo-type Assured Crew Return Vehicle (1993). The ACRV team initially investigated two concepts, including the design shown here. The cylindrical section in front contains rocket engines, power systems and a docking tunnel. It would be jettisoned shortly before the capsule reenters the Earth's atmosphere. Credit: ESA via Marcus Lindroos. 51,818 bytes. 570 x 474 pixels.

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ESA Biconic CRV - ESA Biconic Crew Rescue Vehicle. "Blunt Biconic" Crew Rescue Vehicle. The "blunt biconic" design shown here was briefly investigated during the follow-on crew rescue/transfer vehicle studies in 1993-94. Credit: ESA via Marcus Lindroos. 52,791 bytes. 474 x 563 pixels.

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ESA ACRV Credit: ESA via Marcus Lindroos. 34,523 bytes. 476 x 416 pixels.

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ESA Viking CRV - ESA Viking Crew Rescue Vehicle. "Viking" Crew Rescue Vehicle (1994). Credit: ESA via Marcus Lindroos. 25,361 bytes. 598 x 438 pixels.

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ESA Viking CRV - ESA Viking Crew Rescue Vehicle. "Viking" Crew Rescue Vehicle (1996). The version shown here would use a cylindrical propulsion module derived from the Ariane Transfer Vehicle. Credit: ESA via Marcus Lindroos. 40,801 bytes. 640 x 457 pixels.

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